chapter 1, section 3: pages 10 to 13. what is the scientific method? a systematic approach to...
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Chapter 1, Section 3: Pages 10 to 13
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What is the scientific method?
A systematic approach A systematic approach to problem-solving.to problem-solving.
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What are the steps of the scientific
method?• Observation – identify a Observation – identify a problem.problem.
• Form hypothesis – possible Form hypothesis – possible explanation.explanation.
• Experiment – to test the Experiment – to test the hypothesis.hypothesis.
• Conclusion: revisit hypothesis. Conclusion: revisit hypothesis. Does it need to be adjusted?Does it need to be adjusted?
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Hypothesis
• Testable, educated guess to explain an observation.
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Experiment
• Set of controlled observations to test the hypothesis.
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Hypothesis
Observations
Experiments Theory
Scientific Law
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Observations are facts you take in with
your senses. They can be
•QualitativeQualitative•QuantitativeQuantitative
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Qualitative ObservationsQualitative Observations
•Use words to describe– the color, odor, shape, texture, or some other physical characteristic.
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Quantitative ObservationsQuantitative Observations
• Use numbers to describe a property.
• Result from measurement. • Include a number and a unit.
– Height, Mass, Temperature
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What’s the difference What’s the difference between a fact and an between a fact and an
inference?inference?• FactsFacts can be verified. They are
objective.• InferencesInferences are subjective. They
involve conclusions drawn from data.– On Friday the 13th I saw a black cat.– On Friday the 13th I saw a spooky cat.
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Facts vs. InferencesFacts vs. Inferences
• Ice Floats. (Observed fact.)
• Ice must be lighter than water.
• Only things lighter than water will float.
• Careful!Careful!
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Experiments• Most systems in nature have many variablesvariables.
(Parameters that can change.)• An experiment is an attempt to simplify nature.
– Hold most variables constantconstant.– Manipulate one variable. (Independent Independent
variablevariable. Controlled by the scientist.)– Measure one variable. (DependentDependent
variablevariable.)
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Control
• Control: Perform the experiment under specific conditions. Standard for comparison.
• Compare the experiment with the control. They should differ by only 1 variable.
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Conclusion
• Judgment based on the experimental data.
• Does the experiment confirm the hypothesis or does the hypothesis need to be modified?
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2 Long-term outcomes 2 Long-term outcomes of scientific method.of scientific method.
• 11 - Theory (model)Theory (model) • 2 – Law (summary)2 – Law (summary)
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Theory or ModelTheory or Model•an overall explanation of
some natural phenomenon. • Ex: Kinetic Theory.
– Supported by many experiments – explains lots of observations
– Can be modified– Can be used to make predictions
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Some Theories
• Kinetic Theory• Theory of Natural Selection• Theory of Relativity
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Scientific LawScientific Law
•Summary of accepted facts of nature.–Law of Conservation of Energy–Law of Conservation of Mass –Law of Conservation of Charge.
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What’s the difference What’s the difference between a theory between a theory and a law again?and a law again?
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Theory vs. LawTheory vs. Law
Attempt to Attempt to explain explain whywhy something something happens.happens.
Summarizes Summarizes whatwhat always always happens.happens.
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Ozone - Observations
• 1970’s: scientists observed the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.
• 1980’s: scientists observed thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica.
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Ozone - Hypothesis
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are responsible for the thinning of the ozone layer.
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Ozone - Experiments
• Many photochemical and kinetics experiments of ozone and CFCs.
• Proposed model:
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Ozone & CFCS
• Sunlight breaks down CFCs in the atmosphere.
• Breakdown products destroy ozone.
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Step 1: Formation of ozone
Formed in the upper stratosphere.
Mostly stored in the lower stratosphere.
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Chlorofluorocarbons
• Contain carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.
• Used as refrigerants, as propellants in spray cans, and in plastic foams.
• Do not occur in naturally.
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NASA simulation
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NASA simulation
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Judgment
• Do the experiments confirm the hypothesis or contradict it?
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Prediction
• Decreasing the amount of CFC’s in the upper atmosphere will slow the destruction of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.