Chapter 1 - section 3: Chemical Chapter 1 - section 3: Chemical Compounds in cellsCompounds in cells

What is air made up of?What is air made up of?

Air is a mixture of Air is a mixture of gases, including gases, including oxygenoxygen and and nitrogennitrogen

Oxygen and nitrogen Oxygen and nitrogen are are elementselements

What is an Element?What is an Element?

An An elementelement is is any substance any substance that that cannotcannot be broken be broken down into down into simpler simpler substancessubstances

What is the smallest unit of an What is the smallest unit of an element?element?

An An atomatom An element An element

is made up of is made up of only only oneone kind kind of of atomatom

What are the most common What are the most common elements in living things?elements in living things?

CarbonCarbon, , oxygen, oxygen, hydrogenhydrogen, , and nitrogenand nitrogen

What is formed when elements What is formed when elements combine?combine?

A A compoundcompound Example: Example:

WaterWater is a is a compound compound made up of made up of the elements the elements hydrogen and hydrogen and oxygenoxygen

What is the smallest unit of most What is the smallest unit of most compounds?compounds?

A A moleculemolecule A A waterwater

molecule is molecule is made up of made up of twotwo hydrogen hydrogen atoms and atoms and oneone oxygen oxygen atomatom

Most living things contain which Most living things contain which element?element?

CarbonCarbon Compounds Compounds

that contain that contain carbon are carbon are called called organicorganic compoundscompounds

What are the most important What are the most important groups of organic compounds?groups of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, Carbohydrates, lipidslipids, proteins, , proteins, and and nucleicnucleic acidsacids

Many of these Many of these are found in are found in foodfood

What are compounds that don’t What are compounds that don’t contain the element carbon?contain the element carbon?

InorganicInorganic CompoundsCompounds

Exception: Carbon Exception: Carbon dioxide is classified dioxide is classified as inorganic even as inorganic even though it contains though it contains carboncarbon

Examples: Examples: WaterWater, , and sodium chlorideand sodium chloride

What are carbohydrates?What are carbohydrates?

An energy-rich An energy-rich organicorganic compound made compound made up of the elements up of the elements carboncarbon, hydrogen, , hydrogen, and and oxygenoxygen

Example: Example: sugarssugars and starchesand starches

When are starches produced?When are starches produced?

During the food-During the food-making making processprocess that takes place in that takes place in plantsplants

SugarSugar molecules molecules combine forming combine forming large molecules large molecules called called starchesstarches

Why do plants contain starch?Why do plants contain starch?

Plant cells store Plant cells store excess excess energyenergy in molecules of in molecules of starchstarch

Examples of Examples of starchy foods: starchy foods: potatoespotatoes, , noodles, noodles, ricerice, , and breadand bread

How do we get energy from plants?How do we get energy from plants?

Our Our bodybody breaks down the breaks down the starch into starch into glucoseglucose (a (a sugar) which our sugar) which our cells use to cells use to produce produce energyenergy

What are Proteins?What are Proteins? Large Large organicorganic molecules molecules

made of carbon, hydrogen, made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, oxygen, nitrogennitrogen, and in , and in some cases some cases sulfursulfur

Proteins make up our Proteins make up our fingernailsfingernails and spider and spider webswebs

Examples of food high in Examples of food high in protein: meat, protein: meat, eggseggs, fish, , fish, nuts, and nuts, and beansbeans

What are protein molecules made What are protein molecules made up of?up of?

SmallerSmaller molecules molecules called called aminoamino acidsacids

How do amino acids form proteins?How do amino acids form proteins? Cells combine the Cells combine the 2020

common amino acids to common amino acids to form form thousandsthousands of of different proteinsdifferent proteins

The type of protein formed The type of protein formed depends on the depends on the kindkind of of amino acid and the amino acid and the orderorder with which they with which they formform, very , very much like how letters in the much like how letters in the alphabet make different alphabet make different words; rice also spells words; rice also spells micemice

AlanineAlanineArginineArginineAsparagineAsparagineAspartic AcidAspartic AcidCysteineCysteineGlutamicGlutamic Acid AcidGlutamineGlutamineGlycineGlycineHistidineHistidineIsoleucineIsoleucineLeucineLeucineLysineLysineMethionineMethioninePhenylalaninePhenylalanineProlineProlineSerineSerineThreonineThreonineTryptophanTryptophanTyrosineTyrosineValineValine

What is an enzyme?What is an enzyme?

A type of A type of proteinprotein that speeds up a that speeds up a chemicalchemical reaction in reaction in a living thinga living thing

Example: Enzymes Example: Enzymes in your saliva speed in your saliva speed up up digestiondigestion by by breaking down breaking down starchesstarches into sugar into sugar

What are lipids?What are lipids? FatsFats, oils, and , oils, and waxeswaxes are are

all lipidsall lipids Like Like carbohydratescarbohydrates, lipids , lipids

are energy-rich organic are energy-rich organic compounds made of compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenoxygen

Lipids contain Lipids contain moremore energy than energy than carbohydrates carbohydrates

What is cholesterol?What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a Cholesterol is a lipidlipid that that

our bodies need – our our bodies need – our liverliver produces enough produces enough

ExcessExcess cholesterol cholesterol collects along blood collects along blood vessels and vessels and blocksblocks the the flow of bloodflow of blood

Meat, Meat, cheesecheese, and eggs , and eggs are are highhigh in cholesterol in cholesterol

What are nucleic acids?What are nucleic acids? Very Very largelarge organic organic

molecules made of molecules made of carboncarbon, oxygen, hydrogen, , oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and nitrogen, and phosphorusphosphorus

These contain the These contain the instructionsinstructions that cells that cells need to carry out all the need to carry out all the functionsfunctions of life of life

There are two kinds: There are two kinds: DNADNA and and RNARNA

What is DNA?What is DNA? DeoxyribonucleicDeoxyribonucleic acid acid The The geneticgenetic material material

that carries information that carries information about an organism that about an organism that is passes from parent to is passes from parent to offspringoffspring – directs all of – directs all of the cell’s the cell’s functionsfunctions

Most of the Most of the DNADNA is is found in the found in the chromatinchromatin in the nucleusin the nucleus

What is RNA?What is RNA?

RibonucleicRibonucleic AcidAcid

Plays a role in Plays a role in the production the production of of proteinsproteins

Found in the Found in the cytoplasmcytoplasm, as , as well as in the well as in the nucleusnucleus

What substance makes up about What substance makes up about 2/3 of our bodies?2/3 of our bodies?

WaterWater Without water, most Without water, most

chemicalchemical reactions reactions could not take placecould not take place

Water helps the cells Water helps the cells keep their keep their sizesize and and shape and carries shape and carries substances substances intointo and and out of the cellout of the cell

Chapter 1-section 4: The Cell in its EnvironmentChapter 1-section 4: The Cell in its Environment

How is the cell membrane like a gatekeeper?How is the cell membrane like a gatekeeper?

The cell The cell membrane is membrane is selectively selectively permeablepermeable – – some some substances can substances can passpass through through while others while others cannotcannot

What are the three methods by What are the three methods by which substances move into and which substances move into and

out of the cell?out of the cell?

DiffusionDiffusion OsmosisOsmosis ActiveActive

TransportTransport

What is Diffusion?What is Diffusion?

The The processprocess by by which which molecules tend molecules tend to move from an to move from an area of area of higherhigher concentration to concentration to an area of an area of lowerlower concentrationconcentration

What is concentration?What is concentration?

The The amountamount of the of the substance in substance in a given a given volumevolume

What causes diffusion?What causes diffusion? Molecules are Molecules are

always always movingmoving, , bumping into each bumping into each other as they doother as they do

The more molecules The more molecules in an area the more in an area the more collisionscollisions – these – these collisions cause them collisions cause them to to spreadspread out out eventually spreading eventually spreading evenlyevenly across an across an areaarea

What is osmosis?What is osmosis?

The diffusion The diffusion of of waterwater molecules molecules through a through a selectively selectively permeable permeable membranemembrane

What is passive transport?What is passive transport?

The The movement of movement of materials materials through a cell through a cell membrane membrane withoutwithout using using energyenergy

What is active transport?What is active transport?

The The movement of movement of materials materials through a cell through a cell membrane membrane usingusing energy energy

What is the difference between What is the difference between passive and active transport?passive and active transport?

Active Active transport transport requires the requires the cell to use cell to use energyenergy while while passive passive transport does transport does notnot

What two ways allows cells to What two ways allows cells to move materials by active transport?move materials by active transport?

Transport Transport proteinsproteins

Transport by Transport by engulfingengulfing

How do transport proteins work?How do transport proteins work?

Transport proteins in the cell Transport proteins in the cell membrane “membrane “pickpick up” up” molecules outside and molecules outside and inside the cell to move theminside the cell to move them

These substances include These substances include calciumcalcium, potassium, and , potassium, and sodiumsodium

How does transport by engulfing How does transport by engulfing work?work?

The cell The cell membrane membrane engulfsengulfs (or (or surrounds) a surrounds) a particleparticle

Why are cells small?Why are cells small? It would take much It would take much

longer for a longer for a molecule to reach molecule to reach the the centercenter of a very of a very largelarge cell than it cell than it would in a small cellwould in a small cell

When a cell reaches When a cell reaches a certain a certain sizesize it it dividesdivides into two into two newnew cells cells

Compounds are made up of

Molecules are made up of

Elements are made up of

Atoms