Mohd Zulkhairi Abdul Rahim Email: mohd.zulkhairi@unikl.edu.my

Ext: 2090 H/P: 013-6779113Office: Lab Instrumentation

CLB10803Analytical & Organic Chemistry

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTIONTO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes

The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes

IS THIS WHAT YOU THINK?

The study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes

Chemistry is Life

Can you identify organic compounds from this picture?

1. Road surface (bitumen)

2. Fuel in car3. Tyre

What is Organic chemistry?

TOPIC 1.1Chemistry of Carbon

Inorganic Organic

Some Brief HistoryMr Friedrich Wöhler

Born: 31-Jul-1800Birthplace: Eschersheim, Germany

Died: 23-Sep-1882

He changed the belief that organic compounds could only be made by living things.

Organic compounds are compounds that contain the element Carbon (C).

Most organic compounds also contain hydrogen (H).

Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

Q: Do all compounds containing carbon considered as organic compounds?

A: No. Chemists consider carbonates and oxides of carbon as INORGANIC compounds rather

than organic.

Question Time!

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compound.Basic for all life.Example : methane, DNA, urea, DDT (insecticide), penicillin , nicotine, aspirin etc..

But not all carbon compounds are organics.

Example : carbonate (CO3

2-), cyanide (CN-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbon

dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).

What is “organic chemistry”?

Why is it so important?• Think about how organic compounds affect our daily life:

• Our clothes – natural and synthetic fibers

• Our medicines

• Our food – carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides

• Oils, perfumes, paints, plastics, detergents, etc.

Organic Compounds

Typical organic compounds

have covalent bonds.have low melting points.•have low boiling points.are flammable.•are soluble in non-polar solvents.•are not soluble in water.

Some organic chemicals

DNA

MaterialsEssential oils

Fuels

Pigments

Organic vs. Inorganic

Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound used as a fuel.

NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+

and Cl- ions.

Comparing Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Naturally Occurred Organic Compounds

Name Of OrganicCompounds

Origin Usage

ProteinsExample :a) Enzymesb) Hormones

From animals a) As a structural materials.b) As a biological catalyst and regulators.

Fats and OilsExample :a) Triglyceride b) Paraffin Oils c) Almond Oils

From animals and vegetables

To store energy.

VitaminsExample :A,B Complex, C, D, E and K

From food For healthy growth and functioning.

Synthetic Organic Compounds

Items Examples Usage

Plastics Poly (ethene), Perspex.

For packaging, plastic bags, as a substitute for glass.

Medicines andDrugs

Tranquilizer, Analgesic and Bactericide.

To treat tropical diseases such as Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Illness and Malaria.

Pesticides Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane( DDT )

To kill houseflies and other insects.

Dyes Methylene blue Give colour to the material.

CWhy carbon?

o A carbon atom forms four bondsoCarbon atoms form stable bonds with other carbon atoms (i.e., the C—C covalent bond is strong)oCan form chains and even networks oExamples: graphite and diamond

carbon

6

12.011

Position of Carbon

Chemical Formulas

Organic compounds can be complexA system is needed that shows structure. We want something that is easy to read.

● Molecular formula ● Empirical formula● Structural formula● Condensed formula● Bond-line formula

Molecular formulaActual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Empirical formulaSimplest ratio number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Example: Glucose, C6H12O6

C6H12O6

Molecular formula

CH2OEmpirical formula

Learning Check!1. Write the emperical formula for the following molecules:

(a) glucose, C6H12O6

(b) Benzene, C6H6

(c) Oxalic acid, C2H2O4

2. After exercise, lactic acid is formed in the muscles, making a person tired. An analysis shows that lactic acid contains 40.0% C, 6.71% H & 53.5% O by weight

(d) Calculate the emperical formula of lactic acid.(e) Calculate the molecular formula of lactic acid

[Mr of lactic acid is 90.08; C:12 , H:1 , O:16]

Expanded @ Structural FormulaShow all atoms in the bondsBonds represents as linesExamples:

Propane

Condensed Structural Formula

A Type of line formatShorthand way of writing formulaList of atoms in order and tells how there are bound togetherExample:

Propane

CH3CH2CH3

Bond Line @ Skeleton Formula

· Represent structure by showing bonds between carbons and atoms other than hydrogen.

· Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are called heteroatoms.

· Example

CH3CH2CH2CH3 is shown as

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH is shown as

OH

Learning Check!

C CH H

H H

H H

C2H6 Molecular formula

CH3

Empirical formula

CH3CH3

Condensed formulaStructural formula

Example: Ethane

Learning Check!

Structural formula

Example: Pentane

C

H

H

H

C CH

H H

H H

C C

H H

H H

C5H12

Molecular formula

CH3(CH2)3CH3

orCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Condensed formula Bond-line formula

TOPIC 1.2 : Types of Organic Compound

Types of Organic CompoundORGANIC COMPOUND

ALIPHATIC ALICYCLIC AROMATIC

OPEN chains of carbon atoms.● Unbranched or Branched ● Contain Single, Double or Triple bonds. ● Example: ethane (CH3–CH3) ethene / ethylene (CH2=CH2) ethyne / acetylene (CH≡CH)

CLOSE rings of carbon Atoms. ● Rings form the shape of POLYGON (triangle, square, rectangle or etc).

CLOSE rings of carbon atoms. ● Contain a benzene ring. Example: Benzene

Types of Organic Compound

ORGANIC COMPOUND

ALIPHATIC

SATURATED UNSATURATED

Compound that contains only single bond.

Example: alkane

Compound that contains multiple bond.

Example: alkene, alkyne

C CH H

H H

H H

C CH H

H HHC CH

TOPIC 1.3 : Types of Reaction

Type of Organic Reaction

General

Addition Substitution Elimination Rearrangement

Specific

Hydrogenation Esterification Oxidation Hydrolysis

General Reaction

Type of Organic Reaction: Addition

Two substances react together to form a single substance.

Addition of HBr to an alkene

Hydrogen BromideEthane Bromoethane

Type of Organic Reaction: Substitution

• An atom or a group (leaving group) in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group (nucleophile / electrophile).

SN2 reaction

Hydroxide ion (nucleophile)

(leaving group)

Bromobutane Butanol Bromide ion

Type of Organic Reaction: EliminationRemoval of atoms or groups of atoms from a saturated

molecule to form an unsaturated molecule.

Dehydration of alcohol

CH3CH2CH2CH2–OH

Butanol

H2SO4CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O

Butene

Type of Organic Reaction: Rearrangement

Migration of an atom, a group of atoms or a bond from one atom to another within molecule to form its isomer.

Tautomerism of keto-enol

CH3C CH2

OH

Propenol

CH3CCH3

O

Propanone

Specific Reaction

Type of Organic Reaction: Hydrogenation

Addition of hydrogen to a multiple bond to form a single bond substance.

Hydrogenation of alkane

Type of Organic Reaction: Esterification

Acid-catalyzed ester formation between alcohol and carboxylic acid.

Fischer esterification

CH3COCH2CH3

O

+ H2OCH3COH

O

+ CH3CH2OHH2SO4

refluxEthanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate

Type of Organic Reaction: Oxidation

An increase in the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen and/or a decrease in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Oxidation of methane

CH4 2O2+ CO2 2H2O+

Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

Type of Organic Reaction: Hydrolysis

Chemical process in which a molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

(CH3)3C–Br + H2O (CH3)3C–OH + HBr

tert-Butyl bromide tert-Butyl alcohol Hydrogen bromide

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