Chapter 1

Matter and ChangeLaura PeckPre-AP chemistryDickson County High School

Accompanies: Holt Modern Chemistry Text

Objectives

●The science of chemistry

●Matter and its Properties

●Elements

Chemistry is a Physical

Science●Chemistry: is the study of the

composition, structure, and properties of

matter, the processes that matter

undergoes, and the energy changes that

accompany these processes.

Six Branches of Chemistry●1. Organic: studies carbon molecules created

by life. (Petroleum, Plastics, biofuels, etc)

●2. Inorganic: studies non-organic molecules. (organometallics, metal alloys, ion batteries, glass, etc)

●3. Physical: The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy (plasma TVs, energy production, etc)

Six Branches cont…….●4. Analytical: the identification of the components and

composition of materials. (blood testing, water analysis, pollution, EPA, etc)

●5. Biochemistry: the study of substances and processes occurring in living things. (Medical, pharmaceuticals, treatments, allergies, etc)

●6. Theoretical: the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds. (everything above)

3 Types of Research

●1. Basic Research: carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. (NASA, HUBBLE, etc)

●2. Applied Research: Generally carried out to solve a problem (developing new drugs.. Etc)

●3. Technological Development: involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life. (iPads, iPhones, Droids, etc..)

Matter and Its Properties●Atom: smallest unit of an element that maintains the

chemical identity of that element.

●Mass: measure of the amount of matter.

●Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space.

●Element: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.

●Compound: substance that can be broken down into simpler stable substances. Made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.

Properties and Changes in

Matter●Extensive properties: depend on the amount of

matter that is present. (volume, mass, etc)

●Intensive properties: do not depend on the amount of matter present. (melting point, boiling point, etc)

●Physical Property: characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. (melting, boiling, etc)oPhysical Change: change that does not involve a

change in the identity of the substance. (cutting, melting, etc)

Change of state: physical change from

one state to another. ●Solid: definite volume definite shape

●Liquid: definite volume indefinite

shape

●Gas: neither definite volume nor

shape

●Plasma: high-temperature state where

most atoms lose their electrons.

Chemical Properties and

Chemical Changes●Chemical properties is the substance’s ability

to change into another substance.

●Chemical Change ( ) or Reaction is when

substances are converted into other

substancesoReactants: the ‘ingredients’ – wood, oxygen & heat

oProducts: what are formed – ash, CO2 & steam

CO2 H2O(Oxygen)

Energy and Changes in Matter●Enthalpy is the amount of energy released

or absorbed during a chemical or physical

change (. )

oTo melt from Ice to liquid, the H2O must absorb

energy from the environment.

oTo freeze from liquid to ice, the H2O must release

energy to the environment.

o(energy levels) solid<liquid<gas<plasma

oThe Law of Conservation of Energy dictates that

energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

Classification of Matter

●Mixtures are made from 2 or

more substances that retain their

identities.oHomogeneous = same throughout

oHeterogeneous = not uniform

●Pure Substance has fixed

composition and the same

characteristic properties

throughout.oCompound = 2 or more elements

chemically bonded together

oElement = identical atoms throughout.

Laboratory Chemicals and Purity

●Grades of Purity, but none are 100% purePrimary Standard Reagents highest

ACS (American Chemical Society

Specified reagents)

USP (U.S. Pharmacopoeia standard)

CP (Chemically Pure)

NF (National Formulary specifications)

FCC (Food Chemical Code specifications)

Technical (industrial chemicals) lowest

●You NEVER EVER

Return a reagent back

To the original bottle.

This will contaminate

The purity of your

Master reagent!

Elements●Groups/families: vertical columnsoSimilar chemical properties

●Periods: horizontal rowsoPhysical/chemical properties change regularly

across.

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Types of Elements●Metals: an element that is a good

electrical conductor and heat conductor.

Properties: most are solid

at room Temperature,

malleability, ductile,

Tensile strength, luster.

Discuss the differences

between

Copper and mercury.

●Nonmetals: poor conductors of heat and

electricity.oMany are gases at room temperature.

Bromine is a liquid. Carbon, Phosphorous,

selenium, sulfur and iodine are solids.

oTend to be brittle.

●Metalloids: Has some characteristics

of metals and some characteristics of

nonmetals.oSolid at room temperature, less malleable,

semiconductors, some have luster.

Which metalloid is

Essential for our

Computer-driven

Technology?

What State has a

Valley named

After it?

●Noble Gases: Part of the nonmetals,

these elements are gases at room

temperature.oGenerally unreactive with other elements

Which noble gas is

Close to ‘running out’

In commercial

production?

Discuss why its

production Is limited

by radioactive

Decay.