chapter 1 main components of computer

8/18/2019 Chapter 1 Main Components of Computer

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IGCSE ICT


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Types andComponents of

Computer Systems


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an electronic device for storing and processingdata, typically in binary form, according toinstructions given to it in a variable program.

Computer


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Computer

Hardwareand Software


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Refers to the physical parts of a computerthat we can see and touch.

Computer hardware


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Computer hardwareexamples


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LCD Monitors


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Keyboard and Mouse


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Speaer


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!eb "amera


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Tells the computer what to do and how to do it. It is also known as computer programs. It consist of sets of instructions.

Computer software


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Computer softwareexamples


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!indows #


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!indows $


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Mi"rosoft word


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Mi"rosoft %ower%oint


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is designed to operate computer hardware. It includes many programs, but its major

component is the operatin& system.

System Software


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Microsoft Windows

'peratin& System

Windows Windows !


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Mac "S

'peratin& System


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#nable users to communicate with computersystems,

$as%&◦ 'ontrolling the operation of the input, output and

bac%ing storage de(ices.◦ Super(ising the loading, running and storage of

applications programs.

◦ )ealing with errors.

◦

Maintaining security.◦ Maintaining a computer log.

◦ Allowing communication between user and thecomputer system

'peratin& System


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(%%LIC(TI') S'*T!(+E


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is used for performing speci*c tas%.

it allows us to create documents or

presentations, (iew and edit images and(ideos, play games and communicate withothers.

(ppli"ation Software


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Word processors + Microsoft Word, otepad -

Spreadsheet Software + Microsoft #cel -

/resentation graphic software + Microsoft /ower/oint -

Web 0rowsers + Internet #plorer, Moilla irefo,3oogle 'hrome -

Multimedia Software + Windows Media /layer,4uic%time -

Examples of (ppli"ationSoftware


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Types of Computer


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%ersonal Computer

Are usually found in home. )esigned to be used by one person at a

time and perform tas% such as s"hoolwor. &amin&, householda""ounts, internet a""ess and emailin&.


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%ersonal Computer


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(d/anta&es 1"ompared tolaptop2

Disad/anta&es 1"omparedto laptop2

6ou get a betterspe"i3"ation for your money.

+better components for thesame price-

)es%top /'7sare lar&e and buly.

+this ma%es them not (eryportable-

Cheaper to buy due tocomponents being easier toma%e.

$hey need a "onstant powersupply as they do not usebatteries.

$he eyboard is easier touse as it is larger than a laptop%eyboard.

eed to copy *les ontoportable storage +memorystic%- or send (ia email if youneed to wor in a di4erentlo"ation.

)ote5 $his is because they are

not portable and can7t bemo(ed easil .

)esign of casing allowsfor heat to es"ape.

$his helps to %eeps the /'pretty cool.


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Are portable "omputers and are smallenough to sit on your lap.

$hey can be used almost anywhere dueto their small si6e and a built7in batterywhich powers the laptop when there is noaccess to a plug soc%et.

Modern laptops are generally almost as

powerful as a Destop %C and are usedfor similar tas%s and purposes.

Laptop


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Laptop


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(d/anta&es 1"ompared to%C8s2

Disad/anta&es 1"ompared to%C8s2

Smaller and li&hter and aremuch easier to transport.

+portable-

Limited battery life meansyou need to recharge 8uite

fre8uently.

9aptop components use low7power.

Smaller eyboards aresometimes hard to use.

0uilt:in re"har&eablebattery means they will wor%e(en without a mains powersupply. +portable-

9aptops are prone to theft asthey are often used in publicplaces.

;sually come with built7in !i7

*i which means they can accessthe internet from locations withaccess.

9aptops are "ompa"t and can

get hotterthan a des%top /'.

)o need to transfer *les ontoportable storage if you need to

wor% in a di


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Are /ery lar&e and expensi/e and are capableof supporting hundreds, or e(en thousands, ofusers at the same time.

Are used in large or&ani6ations for pro"essin&

hu&e amounts of data to "ontrol massi/enetwors of computer. ;se more than one pro"essor +parallel

processing- which means they can process many 9obs at the same time. #arly mainframes were the si6e of a room and

got their name because they were housedin lar&e metal :frames;.

Mainframes


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Mainframes


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(d/anta&es1"ompared to other"omputers2

Disad/anta&es1"ompared to other"omputers2

$hey can process hu&eamounts of data(ery8uic%ly.

=ery expensi/e to buy+and to run-.

'an perform millions and

millions of"al"ulations per second.

$hey are /ery lar&e and

so are almostimpossibleto transport.

%arallel

pro"essin& means theycan handle many tas%s atthe same time.

$hey generate a lot of

heat and need to be in air:conditioned rooms.

$hey can run and

manage hu&e networsof

$hey need a hi&h7le/el of

trainin& for people to be


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Are extremely small and li&ht (ersions oflaptops and typically wei&h about <pounds.

'an be used for similar tass to alaptop but they are not as powerful andha(e mu"h smaller s"reens.

)etboo


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)etboo


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(d/anta&es 1"ompared tolaptop2

Disad/anta&es 1"ompared tolaptop2

Mu"h smaller and li&hter...means they are e(en easier totransport.

=ery small eyboards can bedi>cult to use.

Lon&er battery life +their low:power components re8uire less

energy-.

Low performan"e means theyare not suitable for power:

hungry tas%s li%e (ideo editing.

Cheaper because they do notcome with certain components

+such as ')?)=) dri(e-.

Small s"reen ma%e images andtet di>cult to see.

=ery small sie ma%es themeasy tomispla"e or get stolen.

Small hard dis dri(es meansthat they can store less data.


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/)A@s are handheld computers withfacilities including&◦ %ersonal or&aniser +birthdays, appointments

etc-

◦ Internet browsin&◦ Telephone "alls

◦ Multimedia +(ideo, music etc-

◦ et"

%D(


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%D(


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Smaller and li&hter... means

they are (ery portable.

+they literally *t in your poc%et-

=ery small eyboards can be

di>cult to use.

#asy to use anywhere... e(enstanding on a train.

Some use a stylus pen insteadof a %eyboard.

+some people *nd these tric%y touse-

'an be used lie a mobile

phone to ma%e calls.

Small s"reen ma%e images and

tet di>cult to see.


Limited power... especially

compared to des%top /'7s.


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%almtop

(d t Di d t


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Smaller and li&hter... means

they are (ery portable.

+they literally *t in your poc%et-

=ery small eyboards can be

di>cult to use.

#asy to use anywhere... e(en

standing on a train.

Less memory means they

cannot run powerful programs+such as graphic editors-

Some ha(e built in "amerasand mi"rophones.

+useful for applications such asS%ype-

Small s"reen ma%e images andtet di>cult to see.


Limited power... especially

compared to des%top /'7s.


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Main Components of

Computer Systems


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'omputer 'omponents◦ All the di


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Computer System


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Internal computer components are designedto *t I)SIDE the computer system and theyall carry out important roles.

Motherboard %ro"essor Internal Memory =ideo Card

Sound Card Internal Hard Dis Dri/e

Internal Hardware ComputerComponents


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Motherboard


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%ro"essor 1C%-2


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$ypes of internal memory

◦CAM

◦C"M

Internal Memory

+(M 1+ d (


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CAM is used to temporarily store information thatis "urrently in use by the computer.

CAM can be read from and written to and so theinformation stored in CAM can change all the time +it

depends what tas%s you are using the computer for-.

CAM is a fast memory. )ata can be written to and readfrom CAM (ery 8uic%ly.

CAM is =olatile Memory. $his means that informationstored in CAM is deleted as soon as the computer is turnedo


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C"M is used to permanently store instru"tions that tell the computer howto boot+start up-. It also loads the operatin& system +e.g. Windows-.

Information stored in C"M is %nown as +E(D ')L> . $his means that the contentsof C"M cannot be altered or added to by the user.

C"M is fast memory. )ata stored in C"M can be accessed and read (ery 8uic%ly.

C"M is )on7=olatile memory.

"ther eamples of C"M includes&D=D?CD +'MS bought in stores containing pre:

recorded music and mo(ie *les. $hese are played bac% at home but cannot bealtered.

+'M in printers which is used to store di


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3raphics cards are hardware de(ices thatplug into the motherboard and enables thecomputer to display ima&es on themonitor.

3raphics cards usually re8uirethe installation of software alongside thehardware. $he software instru"ts the"omputer how to use the &raphi"s"ard and also allows you to altersettin&s to change image 8uality and sie.

=ideo Card 1aa Graphi"sCard2


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Sound cards are internal hardwarede/i"es that plug into the motherboard.

A sound card7s main function is to allow thecomputer system to produ"e sound butthey also allow users to "onne"tmi"rophones in order to inputsounds into the computer.

Sound cards are also useful inthe "on/ersion of analo&ue data into

di&ital and /i"e /ersa.

Sound Card


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Sound "ard


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Secondary storage de(ices are used to storedata that is not instantly needed by the"omputer.

Secondary storage de(ices permanentlystore data and pro&rams for as long aswe need.

Temporary stora&e li%e +(M does nothold data for long periods.

Stora&e De/i"e


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Stora&e De/i"e

E t l H d C t


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#ternal computer components connect to acomputer system from '-TSIDE.

Input De/i"es 'utput De/i"es %eripherals

External Hardware ComputerComponents


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Input de(ices are pieces of hardware thatget raw data into the computer read forprocessing.

/rocessing in(ol(es ta%ing raw data and

turning it into more useful information.

Input de(ices fall into two categories&

◦ Manual Input De/i"es

◦ (utomati" Input De/i"es

Input De/i"es


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Manual Input De/i"es


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(utomati" Input De/i"es


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When inputted raw data has beenprocessed it becomes usable information."utput de(ices are pieces of hardware thatsend this usable information out of the

"omputer. Some output de(ices send information out

temporarily and some send information outpermanently&

'utput De/i"es


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'utput De/i"es


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Almost all input and output de(ices are%nown as 8%eripheral de/i"es:

$hese are 8non7essential8 hardwarecomponents that usually connect to the

system externally. /eripherals are called non:essential

because the system "an operatewithout them.

%eripheral De/i"es


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%eripheral De/i"es

Keyboard Mouse Microphone Web Cam

Scanner Joystick Speakers Printer


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chapter 1 main components of computer

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