CHNG 1GiI THIU H VI X L TNG QUT

1.1 S pht trin ca cc h vi x lH vi mch s v cng nghIC thng c phn loi thnh SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI hoc ULSIV cng ngh ch to: MOS, TTL, IIL.Khi nim my tnh, my vi tnh v vi x lBao gm: ALU, control, storage, input, output, trong ALU + control = CPU.CPU c th chia lm 3 dng thit k:Multi-chip CPUMicroprocessor (vi x l)Single-chip microprocessor (vi x l n chip): thng c gi tt l microcontroller unit (vi iu khin).Lch s pht trin vi x l

03HPUSH: chuyen data 45H vao STACK 04H458704H03H45POP: data 45H c lay ra khoi STACK

1.2 S khi mt h vi x l c bn

1.3 CPUCc thnh phn chnh ca CPU:n v lu tr: cc thanh ghi, cn v thc thi: ALUn v chuyn tn hiu: busn v iu khinDng lnhCc cch nh a ch

Thng thng, mt lnh c chia lm ba vng:M lnh (opcode): tc v cn thc thia ch: b nh hoc thanh ghiCch nh a ch: Cho bit cch thc din dch hoc tnh ton vng a ch trong lnh thnh a ch ton hng trc khi thc s truy xut ton hng. Mt CPU thng bao gm cc cch nh a ch sau: nh a ch hiu ngm, nh a ch tc thi, nh a ch thanh ghi, nh a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi, nh a ch trc tip, nh a ch gin tip, nh a ch tng i.C 3 t chc CPU thng dng:1 thanh ghi tch lyDng thanh ghi tng qutNgn xp

1.4 B nhBit, byte, wordCc loi b nhRAM: SRAM, DRAMROM: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FlashROMBn trong b nh:

1.5 Ngoi viPhn loi ngoi vi: nhp (I), xut (O)Bus I/O v cc module giao tipBus I/O v bus b nhI/O cch ly v I/O nh x b nhGiao tip I/OCc vn truyn d liuCc phng php iu khin I/O

C 2 phng php truyn d liu: ng b v bt ng bGiao thc truyn bt ng b: dng strobe (t ngun hoc ch) v phng php handshake

B thu phi bit trc vn tc truyn, s bit d liu, bit stop c pht i

1.6 Bus h thngBus: l tp hp cc ng tn hiu m qua data, address hoc control c th c truyn i gia cc thnh phn.Ci t bus chungChu k c busChu k ghi bus

Cc khi nim: bus mt chiu, bus hai chiu, bus c dn knh, tranh chp bus

Chu k ghi bus:Chu k c bus:

1.7 Gii m a ch

1.8 nh thCc qui c trong gin nh thnh th giao tip b nhnh th giao tip b nh DRAM

nh th c DRAM:

1.9 Chng trnhChng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh:Chng trnh l danh sch cc lnh hay pht biu iu khin CPU thc hin cng vic x l d liu mong mun.C nhiu loi ngn ng lp trnh: ngn ng my, hp ng (cn assembler), ngn ng cp cao (cn compiler).AssemblerLu chng trnh

1.10 Vi iu khinCc gii hn ca vi x l:Cn b nh ngoi thc thi chng trnh.Khng th giao tip trc tip vi I/O m cn phi c mch giao tip bn ngoi.Vi x l v vi iu khin: