Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to ChemistryIntroduction to Chemistry

Hingham High SchoolHingham High School

Mr. Dan CluneMr. Dan Clune

Section 1.1Section 1.1ChemistryChemistry

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?The study of “matter”, its The study of “matter”, its

composition, properties, and the composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday changes it undergoes. Everyday life?life?

»Applied ChemistryApplied Chemistry »Pure chemistryPure chemistry

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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?

Applied Chemistry:Applied Chemistry: is using chemistry to is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, fields like medicine, agriculture, and agriculture, and manufacturingmanufacturing

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Applied Chemistry:Applied Chemistry:

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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?Pure chemistry-Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the gathers knowledge for the

sake of knowledgesake of knowledge

5 Major Areas of Chemistry5 Major Areas of ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryOrganic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryPhysical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistryconcerned with the concerned with the

composition of substances.composition of substances.

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry essentially all substances essentially all substances

containing carboncontaining carbon

C

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Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry primarily deals with primarily deals with

substances without carbonsubstances without carbon

BiochemistryBiochemistryChemistry of living thingsChemistry of living things

Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry describes the behavior of describes the behavior of

chemicals.chemicals.

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Section 1-2Section 1-2Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

Chemistry isChemistry is

central to modern science, and to central to modern science, and to almost all human endeavors.almost all human endeavors.

important to all sciences - biology, important to all sciences - biology, geology, physics, engineers, etc.geology, physics, engineers, etc.

a natural science.a natural science.a language with its own vocabulary.a language with its own vocabulary.a way of thinking.a way of thinking.

Why Study Chemistry?Why Study Chemistry?everyone and everything around us everyone and everything around us

involves chemistryinvolves chemistryWhat in the world isn’t Chemistry?What in the world isn’t Chemistry?helps you make choiceshelps you make choicespossible career for your futurepossible career for your futureused to attain a specific goalused to attain a specific goalDo you remember “pure” and Do you remember “pure” and

“applied” chemistry?“applied” chemistry?

Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

Materials-Materials- perfume, steel, perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibersutensils, polyester fibers

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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

Energy-Energy- greater demands greater demands

–conserve itconserve it

– produce moreproduce more

–fossil fuels, solar, fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear (don’t batteries, nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)forget pollution!)

Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and WideMedicine and Biotechnology-Medicine and Biotechnology-

–vitamin C, penicillin, aspirinvitamin C, penicillin, aspirin

–materials for artery transplants materials for artery transplants and hipbonesand hipbones

–Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project

–bacteria producing insulinbacteria producing insulin

–cloningcloning

Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

Agriculture- world’s food Agriculture- world’s food supplysupply

–plant growth hormonesplant growth hormones

–ways to protect cropsways to protect crops

–disease resistant plantsdisease resistant plants

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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

The Environment-The Environment- both both risks and benefits involved risks and benefits involved in discoveriesin discoveries

–carbon dioxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, ozone, warmingwarming

Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

Astronomy and Space ExplorationAstronomy and Space Exploration

–composition of the planetscomposition of the planets

–analyze moon rocksanalyze moon rocks

–planet atmospheresplanet atmospheres

–life on other planets?life on other planets?

Section 1.3Section 1.3Thinking Like a ScientistThinking Like a Scientist

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodA logical approach to solving A logical approach to solving

problems or answering questions.problems or answering questions.Starts with Starts with observationobservation- noting and - noting and

recording factsrecording factshypothesishypothesis- an - an educatededucated guess as guess as

to the cause of the problem, or a to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanationproposed explanation

Scientific MethodScientific Method ““controlled” controlled” experimentexperiment- designed to - designed to

test the hypothesistest the hypothesisonly two possible answersonly two possible answers

–hypothesis is righthypothesis is right

–hypothesis is wronghypothesis is wrongGenerates data observations from Generates data observations from

experiments.experiments.Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycleModify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Cycle repeats many Cycle repeats many times.times.

The hypothesis gets The hypothesis gets more and more more and more certain.certain.

Becomes a Becomes a theorytheory

–A thoroughly tested A thoroughly tested model that explains model that explains whywhy things behave things behave a certain way.a certain way.

Theory can never be Theory can never be proven- due to new proven- due to new informationinformation

Useful because they Useful because they predict behaviorpredict behavior

Help us form mental Help us form mental pictures of processes pictures of processes ((modelsmodels))

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Another outcome is Another outcome is that certain behavior is that certain behavior is repeated many timesrepeated many times

Scientific LawScientific Law is is developed (math?)developed (math?)

Describes Describes howhow things things behave behave

Law- tells howLaw- tells howTheory- tells whyTheory- tells why

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Scientific TheoryScientific Theory

A Scientific TheoryScientific Theory is an explanation based on many observations supported by

experimental results.

Scientific LawScientific Law

A Scientific LawScientific Law is a rule of nature that sums up related

observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in

nature.

ExperimentExperiment

An ExperimentExperiment is an organized procedure for testing a hypothesis.

Parts of the ExperimentParts of the Experiment

Control Group

Experimental Group

Constant

ManipulatedVariable

Responding

Variable

ExperimentExperiment

Will Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Aspirin

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Hypothesis:Aspirin does prevent heart attacks.

Test Hypothesis: Experiment

Analyze Results

Draw Conclusion

Control GroupControl Group

In an experiment, a standard for comparison that is often

needed to form a meaningful conclusion.

Experimental GroupExperimental Group

In an experiment, the group that the experiment is

performed on.

ConstantConstant

In an experiment, the factor that doesn’t change.

Amount of aspirin, food, water, etc…

Manipulated VariableManipulated Variable

In an experiment, the factor adjusted to a different value by the experimenter to see what

effect it will have on the dependent variable.

Responding VariableResponding Variable

In an experiment, the factor whose value changes

because of a change in the independent variable.

Section 1.4Section 1.4How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry

How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryUnderstanding and Applying Understanding and Applying

ConceptsConcepts

–requires requires efforteffort on your part on your part

–readread materials carefully materials carefully

–take thorough notes take thorough notes youyou can use can use

–study study oftenoften and and effectivelyeffectively

–quiet, well-lit, remove distractionsquiet, well-lit, remove distractions

How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryUnderstanding and Applying Understanding and Applying

ConceptsConcepts

–chemistry has a language of it’s chemistry has a language of it’s own, so learn the own, so learn the vocabularyvocabulary

–look around you, and make the look around you, and make the connection to the level of atoms connection to the level of atoms and moleculesand molecules

How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryUsing Your TextbookUsing Your Textbook

–name chemical compoundsname chemical compounds

–write chemical formulaswrite chemical formulas

–interpret graphsinterpret graphs

–techniques to solve problemstechniques to solve problemsUse your Teacher and Textbook!Use your Teacher and Textbook!

How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Using Your TextbookUsing Your Textbook

–take good notestake good notes

–solve Practice Problemssolve Practice Problems

–read, keeping objectives in mindread, keeping objectives in mind

–Student Study Guide (p. 33)Student Study Guide (p. 33)

–section summaries; Key Termssection summaries; Key Terms

How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryOn Your OwnOn Your Own

–go beyond the textbookgo beyond the textbook

–make flashcardsmake flashcards

–reread and rewrite notesreread and rewrite notes

–quiz yourself and classmatesquiz yourself and classmates

–form a study groupform a study group

–ASK, ASK, and ASKASK, ASK, and ASK

How to Study ChemistryHow to Study ChemistryTests and QuizzesTests and Quizzes

–cramming never a good ideacramming never a good idea

–set aside a certain amount of time set aside a certain amount of time everyevery day day

–get enough rest daily; nutrition, Hget enough rest daily; nutrition, H22OO

–read tests carefully / thoroughlyread tests carefully / thoroughly

–do easy problems firstdo easy problems first

–show work, and evaluate answershow work, and evaluate answer