Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction to ChemistryIntroduction to Chemistry

Anything in black letters = write it in your notes (‘knowts’)

1.1 – The Scope of Chemistry1.1 – The Scope of Chemistry

Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Which of these things is not considered matter?

Cell Phone Gravity Rainbow

Fire Happiness Light Bulb

Air Sound Empty Pop Bottle

Have any examples of matter?

Is anything NOT matter?

With your lab partner, write down how you could prove to someone that air has mass.

Chemistry -

Study of the properties and changes of matter.

5 general types of chemistry…

study of carbon compounds Organic -

study of non-carbon compounds Inorganic -

study of chemistry in living organismsBiochemistry -

study of identifying matter Analytical -

study of energy in chemical reactionsPhysical -

Research without a specific application in mind; “just want to know”

Pure Chemistry -

Determining the chemical structure of silk.

Research directed toward a practical goal or application.

Applied Chemistry-

Developing a synthetic chemical with silk-like properties..

1.2 – Chemistry and You1.2 – Chemistry and You

Why Study Chemistry?

1. Explain the natural world

2. Prepare for a career

3. Be an informed citizen

Technology -

The knowledge and skills available to a society.

Science - Method of finding out about the world, based on experiment.

1.3 – Thinking Like a Scientist1.3 – Thinking Like a Scientist

Non-science based inquiry into matter

Alchemy -

Goal: convert cheap metals into gold or find ‘elixir of life’

Did not attempt to explain their findings.

Antoine Lavoisier (late 1700’s)

Disproved the Phlogiston Theory and explained that combustion requires oxygen

Realized the importance of careful mass measurements

in Chemistry

Some materials burn because they contain phlogiston.

Phlogiston is released into the air when material burns.

When air is full of phlogiston (it is “phlogisticated”) and can no longer support combustion (flame goes out).

Major flaw…some materials weigh more after they are burnt.

Wood Ashes + Phlogiston; ashes weigh less…okay…

But…Iron Rust + Phlogiston; rust weighed more than the iron

Long story short…Lavoisier didn’t like the inconsistencies of the phlogiston theory and came up with a better explanation (theory) of combustion and that is how science is supposed to work.

Phlogiston Theory – no longer valid! flow-JISS-tunn

The Scientific Method

ExperimentsAn experiment can lead to observations that support or disprove a hypothesis.

TheoryA theory is tested by more experiments and modified if necessary.

HypothesisA hypothesis may be revised based on experimental data.

Observations

Scientific LawA scientific law summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.

Hypothesis -

A proposed explanation for an observation; must be testable

Experiment -

Procedure used to test a hypothesis

Variables -

Factors that can change in an experiment

Independent Variable -

Variable changed on purpose; manipulated

Dependent Variable -

Variable that is observed; responding

Model - Represents an object or event; all models have some flaws.

This is a model of an atom…atoms are not really like this…but it helps

explain and visualize.

What are some things wrong with the model of the solar system?

Theory -

Well-tested explanation; can’t be proven right, could be proven wrong.

What are some theories you’ve heard of?

Atomic Theory Cell Theory

Big Bang Theory Quantum Theory

Theory of Evolution Theory of Plate Tectonics

Supply & Demand Theory Global Warming

A theory is not just a hunch…theories are the best working explanations that we have.

Theories are not guesses, they make testable predictions that confirm their reality.

“Oh… that’s just a theory.”

Law - Fundamental rule that can’t be broken.

What are some scientific laws you’ve heard of?

Laws of Motion

Laws of Thermodynamics

Law of Gravity

Gas Laws (Boyle’s & Charles’s etc)

ASSIGNMENT:

Chapter 1 Worksheet #1