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Chapter 1 From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations Slide 2 Terms Prehistory time before writing Slide 3 Archaeologist Artifacts human made objects What are some examples of artifacts? Slide 4 Stone Age A. Paleolithic Old Stone Age (2.5 million to 8000 BCE) 1. Technology Stone tools, fire, language Slide 5 2. Art Cave paintings, possibly religious meaning (usually of animals) 3. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Humans originated in E. Africa Slide 6 4. Gender Roles Men: hunt large animals Women: gathered, cared for children, maintained tools, clothing and prepared food. Slide 7 B. Mesolithic Middle Stone Age (12000-8000 BCE) After last ice age Domesticated Animals Slide 8 C. Neolithic New Stone Age- 8000-5000BCE **Neolithic Revolution AKA Agriculture Revolution** Slide 9 Why did farming happen? Population increase Climate change Gradual experimentation by gatherers Slide 10 Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places? Slide 11 Why do some archeologists believe that women were the first farmers? Slide 12 Effect of Agricultural Revolution Population increase Labor divided into food-producing and non-producing job hierarchies Slide 13 Social complexities = greater gender differences Disease increased = need for higher birthrate Slide 14 D. Bronze Age 4000 BCE people began to work with copper (instead of rocks) Slide 15 Why is the Neolithic Revolution a turning point in history? Slide 16 Civilization Started after Neolithic Revolution; in the cooperative effort of irrigation Slide 17 Eight Features of a Civilization Cities are the central feature of a civilization: without them, you do not have a civilization! Slide 18 1. Cities Slide 19 2. Organized Government Slide 20 3. Complex Religion Slide 21 4. Job Specialization Slide 22 5. Social Classes SLAVES KING PRIEST WORKERS Slide 23 6. Art and Architecture Slide 24 7. Public Works Slide 25 8. Writing Slide 26 I.Mesopotamia (Sumerians) land between 2 Rivers Slide 27 A. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers-Fertile Crescent. Slide 28 B. Political Organization: Theocracy Independent city-states ruled by a king Shared Culture, Developed own government Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Ur (major cities) Slide 29 C. Religion Polytheistic (3000 gods) Ziggurats temples used for worship Epic of Gilgamesh (Noahs Ark) (long poem) Geography affects religion! Slide 30 D. Society Kings/Priests talked to gods Wealthy merchants Peasants (90%) Slaves (POW or sold into by parents Slide 31 Cuneiform wrote on clay tablets Scribes/priests did most of the writing E. Writing Slide 32 Technology 60 Slide 33 Wheel Sail Plow #s based on 60 Copper 1 st system of writing Irrigation Slide 34 Judaism Began around 2000BCE in present day Palestine (Israel) Monotheistic Yahweh created the world and all living things Holy Law Ten Commandments Slide 35 Holy Book Torah (1 st five books of the Old Testament) Prophets were Gods voice for the people and told people Gods will. Major Difference: All people had access to God (not just priests) Slide 36 Holy Book Torah (1 st five books of the Old Testament) Prophets were Gods voice for the people and told people Gods will. Major Difference: All people had access to God (not just priests) Slide 37 Israelites Followers of Judaism Jerusalem Capital City Reign of Kings: King Saul King David King Solomon Built the temple for God Slide 38 After Solomon; Israel divided into 2 Kingdoms: Kingdom of Israel 10 Northern Tribes (Samaria); overrun by the Assyrians in 722BCE Kingdom of Judah (Jerusalem); Chaldeans destroyed Jerusalem (586BCE) Slide 39 Eventually Israelites were captured and enslaved in Babylon