Chapter 1 – Early Chapter 1 – Early CivilizationCivilization

Anthropology - Anthropology - The scientific study of the The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.cultural development of humans.

Archaeology - Archaeology - The systematic study of past The systematic study of past human life and culture by the recovery and human life and culture by the recovery and examination of remaining material evidence, such examination of remaining material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery

History - History - The branch of knowledge that records The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events and analyzes past events

““much of our understanding of early humans still much of our understanding of early humans still relies on considerable conjecture …”relies on considerable conjecture …”

A.A. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone)Paleolithic Age (Old Stone)

1. Characteristics1. Characteristics lived in small bandslived in small bands nomadicnomadic began to refine use of toolsbegan to refine use of tools used fire and often lived in used fire and often lived in

cavescaves

2. Two important technological 2. Two important technological innovations: innovations:

use of tools and fireuse of tools and fire

Paleolithic Cave Painting: The Chauvet CavePaleolithic Cave Painting: The Chauvet CaveCave paintings of large animals reveal the cultural creativity of Paleolithic peoples. Cave paintings of large animals reveal the cultural creativity of Paleolithic peoples. This scene is part of a mural in a large underground chamber at Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, This scene is part of a mural in a large underground chamber at Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, France, discovered in December 1994. It dates from around 30,000–28,000 B.C.E. and France, discovered in December 1994. It dates from around 30,000–28,000 B.C.E. and depicts aurochs (long-horned wild oxen), horses, and rhinoceroses. To make their depicts aurochs (long-horned wild oxen), horses, and rhinoceroses. To make their paintings, Paleolithic artists used stone lamps in which they burned animal fat to paintings, Paleolithic artists used stone lamps in which they burned animal fat to illuminate the cave walls and combined powdered mineral ores with animal fat to illuminate the cave walls and combined powdered mineral ores with animal fat to create red, yellow, and black pigments. Some artists even made brushes out of animal create red, yellow, and black pigments. Some artists even made brushes out of animal hairs with which to apply the paints.hairs with which to apply the paints.

AP Images/Jean Clottes

B.B. Neolithic Age (New Stone)Neolithic Age (New Stone)

10,000 – 4,000 B.C. (B.C.E.)10,000 – 4,000 B.C. (B.C.E.)

“… “… The biggest change was the shift from hunting The biggest change was the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture.”producing food by systematic agriculture.”

1. Characteristics:1. Characteristics: growing of cropsgrowing of crops utilizing beasts of burdenutilizing beasts of burden

This equates to This equates to DomesticationDomestication ….. …..

2. Results of Settlements…2. Results of Settlements…

houses built for shelter and structures for houses built for shelter and structures for storing storing foodfood

begin to tradebegin to trade begin to specialize in certain crafts and divisions begin to specialize in certain crafts and divisions

of of labor begin to developlabor begin to develop

Between 4,000 – 3,000 BC technical developments – Between 4,000 – 3,000 BC technical developments – toolstools

i.e. Asia discovered how to combine copper and tin to i.e. Asia discovered how to combine copper and tin to create bronze – harder substance than copper alonecreate bronze – harder substance than copper alone

Jericho (8,000 BC)Jericho (8,000 BC)

a.k.a. Tel Sultan todaya.k.a. Tel Sultan today

Women’s WorkWomen’s WorkThis rock painting from a cave in modern-day This rock painting from a cave in modern-day Algeria, dating from around the fourth millennium Algeria, dating from around the fourth millennium B.C.E., shows women harvesting grain.B.C.E., shows women harvesting grain.

© Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

II.II. Emergence of CivilizationsEmergence of Civilizations

What is a civilization?What is a civilization?

complex culture in which large numbers complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of common of people share a variety of common elementselements

A.A. Characteristics of First Civilizations:Characteristics of First Civilizations:

1. each developed in a river valley1. each developed in a river valley

2. urban focus2. urban focus

3. new political and military 3. new political and military structuresstructures

4. new social structure based on 4. new social structure based on economic power economic power

5. distinct religious structure5. distinct religious structure

6. development of writing6. development of writing

7. new and significant artistic and 7. new and significant artistic and intellectual activity intellectual activity

III.III. Civilization in Mesopotamia Civilization in Mesopotamia (Ancient Near East)(Ancient Near East)

Location: Tigris & Euphrates RiversLocation: Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

The Ancient Near EastThe Ancient Near East

The Fertile Crescent encompassed land with access to water. The Fertile Crescent encompassed land with access to water. Employing flood management and irrigation systems, the peoples of Employing flood management and irrigation systems, the peoples of the region established civilizations based on agriculture. These the region established civilizations based on agriculture. These civilizations developed writing, law codes, and economic civilizations developed writing, law codes, and economic specialization.specialization.

A.A. City States of MesopotamiaCity States of Mesopotamia

“ “between the rivers”between the rivers”

Sumerians (Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagesh)Sumerians (Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagesh)

City-statesCity-states

Buildings of mud-brick, Arch & Dome Buildings of mud-brick, Arch & Dome structures and Zigguratsstructures and Ziggurats

Ziggurat and Royal Tombs at Ur …Ziggurat and Royal Tombs at Ur …

Religion – gods rule the cities – Religion – gods rule the cities – theocracytheocracy

kingship is divinekingship is divine

Produce – woolen textiles, pottery and Produce – woolen textiles, pottery and metal worksmetal works

Hammurabi Unites Sumeria (1792-Hammurabi Unites Sumeria (1792-1750 BC)1750 BC)

Hammurabi (Amorite – Old Babylon)Hammurabi (Amorite – Old Babylon) Well-disciplined armyWell-disciplined army Assimilated conquered culturesAssimilated conquered cultures Built temples and defensive wallsBuilt temples and defensive walls Irrigation canalsIrrigation canals Encouraged tradeEncouraged trade

Code of Hammurabi …. DiscussionCode of Hammurabi …. Discussion

Earliest Writing – Cuneiform – wedge Earliest Writing – Cuneiform – wedge shaped (from Ur)shaped (from Ur)

IV.IV. Egyptian Civilizations Egyptian Civilizations

“ “The Gift of the Nile”The Gift of the Nile”

1. Old Kingdom - kingship divine1. Old Kingdom - kingship divine

ruled by ma’at – idea of truth & ruled by ma’at – idea of truth & justicejustice

2. Middle Kingdom – Golden Age2. Middle Kingdom – Golden Age

Stability in leadershipStability in leadership

““shepherd” but still divineshepherd” but still divine

Spiritual LifeSpiritual Life

No word for “Religion” – so much No word for “Religion” – so much a part of their life …a part of their life …

Two groups of gods – sun and Two groups of gods – sun and landland

Pyramids – burial placesPyramids – burial places

largest from Old Kingdom periodlargest from Old Kingdom period

The Giza Pyramids were built as tombs for the fourth The Giza Pyramids were built as tombs for the fourth dynasty kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure who ruled dynasty kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure who ruled Egypt through 2589-2504 BCE.  The largest is the Great Egypt through 2589-2504 BCE.  The largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, one of the Seven Wonders of the Pyramid of Khufu, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.Ancient World.

New Kingdom (1550-1085 BC)New Kingdom (1550-1085 BC)

Hyksos Dominion/conquerorsHyksos Dominion/conquerors

Most powerful state in Middle EastMost powerful state in Middle East

Amenhotep, a.k.a. Akhenaten Amenhotep, a.k.a. Akhenaten

tries to make Egypt monotheistictries to make Egypt monotheistic

Ramesses II restores Kindgom of Egypt Ramesses II restores Kindgom of Egypt ……

Film Clip Here…Film Clip Here…

V.V. History of “Palestinian Territory”History of “Palestinian Territory”

A.A. Ancient Near EastAncient Near East1. What is an “Arab”?1. What is an “Arab”?2. Where is Palestine?2. Where is Palestine?

B.B. Hebrew People and CanaanHebrew People and Canaan1. Abraham1. Abraham2. Exodus from Egypt (1700 BC)2. Exodus from Egypt (1700 BC)3. King Saul and King David3. King Saul and King David

(1020-922 BC)(1020-922 BC)4. Divided Kingdom – Israel and Judah4. Divided Kingdom – Israel and Judah

(922 – 587 BC)(922 – 587 BC)

C.C. Conquest of Hebrew PeopleConquest of Hebrew People1. Israel and the Assyrians1. Israel and the Assyrians

(722 BC)(722 BC)2. Judah and Babylon (Iraq)2. Judah and Babylon (Iraq)

(587 BC)(587 BC)3. Exile of Hebrews in Babylon/Egypt3. Exile of Hebrews in Babylon/Egypt

D.D. Return from Exile of the HebrewsReturn from Exile of the Hebrews1. Cyrus the Persian (Iran) 11. Cyrus the Persian (Iran) 1stst Wave Wave NehemiahNehemiah2. Darius the Persian (Iran) 22. Darius the Persian (Iran) 2ndnd Wave WaveEzraEzra

Discussion of Flood Story Comparison Discussion of Flood Story Comparison ––

Religious and Cultural TraditionsReligious and Cultural Traditions

VI.VI. Rise of New Empires …Rise of New Empires …

A. AssyrianA. Assyrian

B. PersianB. Persian

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism