These references are in addition to those given in: Ray, G.C., and McCormick-Ray, J. (2004) Coastal-Marine Conservation: Science and Policy. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. They have been selected from a much larger file of reference material and are intended to serve as a guide into an extensive literature. There may be some overlap in references among the chapters in this book, and consultation with those chapters is recommended. We extend apologies to authors whose publications are omitted. This list may include a few web sites.

Chapter 1

Acharya, A. (l995) Small islands. Awash in a sea of troubles. World Watch Nov./Dec., 24-33. Ackerman, J. (l997) Islands at the Edge. National Geographic. August, 3-31. Allan, R.J. (1990) Estuarine and coastal water contamination, An issue for the 1990s. The Science of the Total

Environment 97/98, 1-5. Aldhous, P. (2003) The world’s forgotten crisis. Over a billion people cannot get clean water, and things

are getting worse. Nature 422(6929), 251. Al-Lihaibi, S.S. & Ghazi, S.J. (l997) Hydrocarbon distributions in sediments of the open area of the

Arabian Gulf following the l991 Gulf War oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(11), 941-948. AMAP (1997) Arctic Pollution Issues: A state of the Arctic environment report. Arctic Monitoring and

Assessment Program, Oslo. Anderson, D.M. (1994) Red tides. Scientific American, August, 62-67. Anderson, D.M. (1997) Commentary: Turning back the harmful red tide. Nature 388, 513-514. Anderson, D.M. & Lobel, P.S. (1987) The continuing enigma of ciguatera. Biological Bulletin 172, 89-107. Andreae, M.O. & Jaeschke, W.A. (1992) Exchange of sulphur between biosphere and atmosphere over

temperate and tropical regions. In Sulphur Cycling on the Continents, SCOPE, (eds R.W.Howarth, J.W.B. Stewart, & M.V. Ivanov), pp. 27-61. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chichester and New York.

Aaronson, R,B., Precht, W.F., Macintyre, I.G., & Murdoch, T.J.T. (2000) Coral bleach-out in Belize. Nature 405: 36.

Barbault, R. & Sastrapradja, S. (1995) Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. In Global Biodiversity Assessment (ed. V.H Heywood), pp. 198-274. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Baum, J.K., Myers, R.A., Kehler, D.G., Worm, B., Harley, S.J. & Doherty, P.A. (2003) Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science 299: 389-392.

Barnes, D.K.A. (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416: 808-809. Beckman, J. (1998) Sakhalin III partners eye giant platform for south Kirinskaya. Offshore. International

Edition. 58(12), 94,108. Beckmen, K.B., Blake, J.E., Ylitalo, G.M., Stott, J.L., & T.M. O'Hara (2003) Organochlorine contaminant

exposure and associations with hematological and humoral immune functional assays with damage as a factor in free-ranging northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(5): 594-606.

Bengtsson, B-E, Hill, C., Bergman, Å., Brandt, I., Johansson, N., Magnhagen, C., Södergren, A. & Thulin, J. (1999) Reproductive disturbances in Baltic Fish: A synopsis of the FiRe Project. Ambio 28(1), 2-7.

Berrow, S.D., Long, S.C., McGarry, A.T., Pollard, D., Rogan, E. & Lockyer, C. (l998) Radionuclides (137-Cs and 40-K) in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from British and Irish coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(8), 569-576.

Berry, W.L. (1977) Coastal belt uses and needs: Oil and gas. U.S Coastal Belt. Conflict, Resolution, and Promise. Proceedings of a Conference (June 20-21) On the Management of Our Coastal and Ocean Resources, (ed. L. M. Alexander), pp. 16-19. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

Borrell, A., Aguilar A. & Pastor, T. (l997) Organochlorine pollutant levels in Mediterranean monk seals from the western Mediterranean and the Sahara coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(7), 505-510.

Braune, B. M., & Simon, M. (2003) Dioxins, furans, and non-ortho PCBs in Canadian Arctic seabirds. Environmental Science & Technology 37(14), 3071 -3077.

Breen, P.A., Hilborn R., Maunder, M. N., & Kim S.W. (2003) Effects of alternative control rules on the conflict between a fishery and a threatened sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 60(5): 527-541.

Briand, F.J.-P. (1975) Effects of power-plant cooling systems on marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology 32 (2), 135-146.

Bulloch, D.K. (1989) The Wasted Ocean: The Ominous Crisis of Marine Pollution and How to Stop It. An American Littoral Society Book. Lyons & Burford, New York.

Burkholder, J.M, & Glasgow, H.B. (2001) History of Toxic Pfiesteria in North Carolina Estuaries from 1991 to the Present. BioScience 51(10), 827-841.

Burns, R.F. (1999) World’s deepest water drilling/production platform. Sea Technology 40(4), 19-23. Butler, J.N., Wells, P.G., Johnson, S. & Manock, J.J. (l998) Beach tar on Bermuda: Recent observations and

implications for global monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(6), 458-463. Capuzzo, J.M. (1996) The Bioaccumulation and biological effects of lipophilic organic contaminants. In

The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica (eds V. S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell, & A.F. Eble), pp 539-557. Maryland Sea Grant book, College Park, Maryland.

Carlton, J.T. (1992) Introduced marine and estuarine mollusks of North America: An end-of-the-century perspective. Journal of Shellfish Research 11(2), 489-505.

Caraco, N.F. &Cole, J.J. (l999) Human impact on nitrate export: An analysis using major world rivers. Ambio 28(2), 167-170.

Carr, E. (1998) Survey: The Sea. The Economist May 23, 1-18. Carr, H.A, & Harris, J. (l996) Ghost-fishing gear: have fishing practices during the past few years reduced

the impact? In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, And Solutions, (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 141-151. Springer Verlag, New York.

Carriker, M.R. (1992) Introductions and transfers of molluscs: Risk considerations and implications. Journal Shellfish Research. 11(2), 507-510.

Cervino, J.M., Goreau, T.J., Hayes, R.L., Kaufman, L., Nagelkerken, I., Porter, J.W., Smith, G.W. & Quirolo, C. (1998) Coral disease. Science 280, 499-500.

CBP (1999) Environmental Indicators: Measuring Our Progress. Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, Maryland.

Clark, C. (l973) The economics of overexploitation. Science 181, 630-635. Clark, C. (1977) Overcapitalization in commercial fisheries: symptoms, causes, and cures. Environmental

Biology of Fishes 2(1),3-5. Clark, T. (2003) Atlas of a thirsty planet. Nature 422(6929), 251. Coale, A.J. (1970) Man and his environment. Economic factors are more important than population

growth in threatening the quality of American life. Science 170, 132-136. Coe, J.E. (1996) Marine debris in the Caribbean. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions (eds J. M.

Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp 25-33. Springer Verlag, New York. Collie, J.S., Escanero, G.A., & Valentine, P.C. (2000) Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom

fishing on benthic epifauna. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 987-1001. Cooper, S.R & Brush, G.S. (1991) Long-term history of Chesapeake Bay anoxia. Science 254, 992-996. Correll, D.L., Jordan, T.E. & Weller, D.E. (1998) Nutrient flux in a landscape: effects of coastal land use

and terrestrial community mosaic on nutrient transport to coastal waters. Estuaries 15(4), 431-442. Courtney, W.R. Jr. & Robins, C.R. (1989) Fish introductions: Good management, mismanagement, or no

management. Aquatic Science 1(1), 159-172. Crosby, M.P. (l987) Utilization of detrital complexes by the oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), PhD

Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park. Crosby, M.P., Langdon, C.J., & Newell, R.I.E. (1990) Bacterial mediation in the utilization of carbon and

nitrogen from detrital complexes by Crassostrea virginica. Limnology & Oceanography 35, 625-639. Cryer, M., Hartill, B., & O’Shea, S. (2002) Modification of marine benthos by trawling: Toward a

generalization for the deep ocean? Ecological Applications 12(6), 1824-1839. Culliton, B. (l992) Save the beaches, not the buildings. Nature 357, 535.

Culliton, T.J., Warren, M.A., Goodspeed, T.R., Remer, D.G., Blackwell, C.M., & McDonough III, J. J. (1990) 50 years of population change along the nation's coasts 1960-2010. Strategic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, NOAA. Rockville, Maryland.

Darnell, R.M. (1992) Ecological history, catastrophism, and human impact on the Mississippi/Alabama continental shelf and associated waters; a review. Gulf Research Reports 8 (4): 375-386.

de Fontaubert, A.C. (2001) In WWF/IUCN/WCPA The Status of Natural Resources on the High-Seas, WWF/IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: 69-93.

Deb, S.C., Araki, T., & Fukushima, T. (2000) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish organs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 (10): 882-885.

DeLuca, M. (l998) Global E & P Briefs. Offshore, International Edition 58(10), 12. DeLuca, M. (l998) Thirty-seven deepwater drilling units still in construction. Offshore, International

Edition 58(10), 42. DeLuca, M. (1998) Global FPSO fleet growing at a 34% annual rate. Offshore International Edition 58(11),

120. DeLuca, M. (1999) Brazil providing foothold as producers expand South America presence. Offshore

59(10), 34-36. Dolan, R. & Lins, H. (1987) Beaches and Barrier islands. Scientific American 257(1), 68-77. Durbin, E., Teegarden, G., Campbell, R., Cembella, A., Baumgartner, M.F., & Mate, B.R. (2002) North

Atlantic right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, exposed to shellfish poisioning (PSP) toxins via a zooplankton vector, Calanus finmarchicus. Harmful Algae 1: 243-251.

Dynesius, M., & Nilsson, C. (1994) Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266, 753-762.

Gregory, M.R. & Ryan, P.G. (1996) Pelagic Plastics and Other Seaborne Persistent Synthetic Debris: A Review of Southern Hemisphere Perspectives. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J.M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 49-66. Springer Verlag, New York.

Eadie, B.J., Robbins, J.A., Blackwelder, P., Metz, S., Trefry, J.H., McKee, B., & Nelson, T.A. (1992) A retrospective analysis of nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity in sediments from the Louisiana Continental Shelf. In Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity, pp. 7-14. NECOP Workshop Proceedings, NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, TAMU-SG-92-109. Government Printing Office, Washngton DC.

Endo, T. Hotta, Y., Haraguchi, K. & Sakata, M. (2003) Mercury contamination in the red meat of whales and dolphins marketed for human consumption in Japan. Environmental Science & Technology 37(12), 2681-2685.

FAO (1987) Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 64, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Farley, A. (1992) Mass mortalities and infectious lethal disease in bivalve molluscs and associations with

geographic transfers of populations. In Dispersal of Living Organisms into Aquatic Ecosystems. (eds. A. Rosenfield & R. Mann), pp. 139-154. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park, Maryland.

Fischer. D.W. (1989) Ocean mining: What does it mean for local government. Ocean and Shore Management 12, 81-88.

Folke, C., Jansson, A. Larsson, J.& Costanza, R.. (l997) Ecosystem appropriation by cities. Ambio 25(3),167-172.

Geraci, J.R., & St. Aubin, D.J. (1980) Offshore petroleum resource development and marine mammals: A review and research recommendations. Marine Fisheries Review 42(11), 1-12.

GESAMP (l990) The State of the Marine Environment. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (IMO/FAO/UNESCO/ WMO/WHO/ IAEA/UN/UNEP). UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, 16. UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland.

Gillett, N.P., Zwiers, F.W., Weaver, A.J., & Stott, P.A. (2003) Detection of human influence on sea-level pressure. Nature 422, 292-294.

Gilman, E. (2001) Integrated management to address the incidental mortality of seabirds in longline fisheries. Aquatic Conservation 11, 391-414.

Gleick, P.H. (1993)Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York.

Goldberg, E.D (1981) The oceans as waste space: the argument. Oceanus 24(1), 5-9. Golik, A. (1996) Debris in the Mediterranean Sea: types, quantities, and behavior. In Marine Debris.

Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 7-14. Springer Verlag, New York.

Gosnell, M. (l976) The island dilemma. International Wildlife 6(5), 24-35. Gregory, M.R., & Ryan, P.G. (1996) Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: A

review of southern hemisphere perspectives. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 49-66. Springer Verlag, New York.

Guard, M., & Masaiganah, M. (l998) Dynamite fishing in southern Tanzania, geographical variation, intensity of use and possible solutions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(10), 758-762.

Hamilton, E.I. (1998) Marine environmental radioactivity — the missing science? Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(1), 8-18.

Harmful Algal Page (2002) National office for marine biotoxins and harmful algal blooms. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. On line: jkleindinst@whoi.edu.

Harwood, J. & Lavigne, D.M. (l981) Locally abundant marine mammals -- problems and attempted solutions. In Problems in Management of Locally Abundant Wild Mammals, (eds P. A. Jewell, S. Holt, & D. Hart), pp. 151-166. Academic Press, New York.

Hayes, M. (1985) Beach Erosion. In Coasts. Coastal Resources Management: Development Case Studies. (ed J. R. Clark), pp. 67-200. Renewable Resources Information Series, Coastal Publication 3. Research Planning Institute, Inc, Columbia, South Carolina.

Haynes, D. (1998) Marine debris on continental islands and sand cays in the far northern section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(4), 276-279.

Henderson, S. (1997) News: Drilling operations threaten Beaufort Sea whales. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(9), 6834.

Henderson, S. (l997) News: Environmental agency action on oestrogenic discharges. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(5), 284.

Hershman, M. (1999) Seaport development and coastal management programs: A national overview. Coastal Management 27,271-290.

Hester, R.E. & Harrison, R.M., eds (2000) Chemistry in the Marine Environment. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.

Hesthagen, T. (l989) Episodic fish kills in an acidified salmon river in southwestern Norway. Fisheries 14(3), 10.

Hinrichsen, D. (1994) Coasts Under Pressure. People and the Planet 3(1), 6-9. Hoffman J.F. (1982) Sediment problems and their control in U.S. Navy pier slips in selected harbors of the

United States. In Estuarine Comparisons (ed., V.S. Kennedy), pp. 623-633. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Holing, D. (1990) Coastal Alert: Ecosystems, Energy, and Offshore Oil Drilling. Island Press, Washington D.C. Jauniaux, T., Charlier, G., Desmecht, M., & Coignoul, F. (1998) Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin

whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast, Veterinary Record 143, 423-424. Johnson, S.W., Rice, S.D., & Moles, D. A. (1998) Effects of submarine mine tailings disposal on juvenile

yellowfin sole (Pleuronectes asper): a laboratory study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(4), 278-287. Jousson, O., Pawlowski, J., L. Zaninetti, L., Zechman, F.W., Dini, F., Di Guiseppe, G. Woodfield, R.,

Millar, A. & Meinsesz, A. (2000) Invasive alga reaches California. Nature 408, 157-158. Joyce, P. (l998) Floating tar in the western north Atlantic and Caribbean Sea, 1982-1996. Marine Pollution

Bulletin 36(2), 167-171. Kaplan, R.D. (2000). The Coming Anarchy. Vintage Books, Random House, New York. Kaiser, J. (2002) The science of Pfiesteria: elusive, subtle, and toxic. Science 298, 346-349 Karmon, Y. (l980) Ports Around the World. Crown Publications, New York. Keilman, N. (2003) The threat of small households. Nature 421, 489-490. Kennish, M.J. (2002) Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. Environmental

Conservation 29(1), 78-107. Kennish, M.J. (l998) Pollution impacts on the marine biotic communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Komnenou, A., AbouSidi, B., Jiddou, AB., Barham, M.E.O. (1998) Monk seal mortality: Virus or toxin? Vaccine 16 (9-10), 979-981.

Kornilios, S, Drakopoulos, P.G. & Dounas, C. (l998) Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan Sea, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(12), 989-993.

Kreeger, K. (2000) Down on the fish farm: developing effluent standards for aquaculture. BioScience 50 (11): 949-953.

Kuitek, R.G., DeGange, A.R., & Beiller, M.K. (l991) Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins mediate behavior of sea otters. Limnology & Oceanography 36(2), 393-404.

Kumarsingh, K., L. Hall, A., Siunng-Chang, A.M. & Stoute, V.A. (l998) Phosphorus in sediments of a shallow bank influenced by sewage and sugar factory effluents in Trinidad, West Indies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(3), 185-192.

Langtimm, C.A., & Beck, C.A. (2003) Lower survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees in years with intense coastal storms. Ecological Applications 13(1): 257-268.

Latimer, J.S., Leblanc, L.A., Ellis, J.T., Zheng, J., & Quinn, J.G. (1990) The sources of PCBS to the Narragansett Bay estuary. The Science of the Total Environment 97/98, 155-167.

le Boeuf, B. J. (l981) The elephant seal. In Problems in Management of Locally Abundant Wild Mammals, (eds P.A. Jewell, S. Holt, & D. Hart), pp. 291-301. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Lewitis, A.J., Jesien, R.V., Kana, T.M., Burkholder, J.M., & May, E. (1995) Discovery of the "Phantom" dinoflagellate in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 18 (2), 373-378.

Liffmann, M. & Boogaerts, L. (1996) Linkages between land-based sources of pollution and marine debris. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 359-366. Springer Verlag, New York.

Liu, J., Daily, G.C., Ehrlich, P.R, & Luck, G.W. (2003) Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity. Nature 421, 530-533.

Livingston, R.J. (2001) Eutrophication Processes in Coastal Systems: Origin and Succession of Plankton Blooms and Effects on Secondary Production in Gulf Coast Estuaries. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Macdonald, I.A.W., Loope, L.L., Usher, M.B., & Hamann, O. (1989) Wildlife conservation and the invasion of nature reserves by introduced species: A global perspective. In Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, (eds J.A. Drake, H.A. Mooney, F. di Castri, R.H. Groves, F.J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek. & M. Williamson), pp. 215-255. John Wiley & sons, Lt., Chichester.

Matsumura, S. & Nasu, K. (l996) Distribution of floating debris in the North Pacific Ocean: Sighting surveys l986-1991. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 15-24, Springer Verlag, New York.

Maxted, J.R., Weisberg, S.B., Chaillow, J.C., Eskin, R.A., & Kutz, F.W. (1997) The ecological condition of dead-end canals of the Delaware and Maryland coastal bays. Estuaries 20(2), 319-327.

Melancon, J. M. (l999) Oil and gas activity in the Gulf of Mexico OCS: 1990-1998. Sea Technology 40(8), 37-42.

Miller, M. 1993. The rise of coastal and marine tourism. Ocean & Coastal Management 20,181-199. Minei, V.A. (l989) Brown tide comprehensive assessment and management program. In Novel

Phytoplankton Blooms: Courses and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and other unusual blooms (eds E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, & E.J. Carpenter), pp. 741-760. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Mitsch, W.J., Day, J.W. Jr., Gilliam, J.W., Groffman, P.M., Hey, D.L., Randall, G.W., & Wang, N. (2001) Reducing nitrogen loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi Basin: strategies to counter a persistent ecological problem. BioScience 51 (5): 373-388.

Myers, N. (1998) Commentary: lifting the veil on perverse subsidies. Nature 392, 327-328. Comment by: Darmstadter, J. (1998) Environmental costs of subsidies oversimplified. Nature 393, 618.

Munford, J.G., & J Baxter, M. (1991) Conservation and aquaculture. Aquaculture and the Environment. (eds N. De Pauw & J. Joyce), pp. 279-298. European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication 16, Ghent Belgium.

Musick, J.A., Harbin, M.M., Berkeley, S.A., Burgess, G.H., Eklund, A.M., Findley, L., Gilmore, R.G., Golden, J.T., Ha, D.S., Huntsman, G.R., McGovern, J.C., Parker, S.J., Poss, S.G., Sala, E., Schmidt,

T.W., Sedberry, G.R., Weeks, H, & Wright, S.G. (2000) Marine, estuarine, and diadromous fish stocks at risk of extinction in North America (exclusive of Pacific salmonids). Fisheries 25(11): 6-30.

Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Mooney, H., Beveridge, M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Kautsky, N., Lubchenco, J., Primavera, J., & Williams, M. (1998) Nature's subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming. Science 282: 883-884.

Nee, S., & May, R.M. (1997) Extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Science 278, 692-694. Nehlsen, W., Williams, J.E., & Lichatowich, J.A. (1991) Pacific salmon at the crossroads. Stocks at risk

from California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington. Fisheries 16(2): 4-21. Nichols, F.H., Cloern, J.E., Luoma, S.N., & Peterson, D.H. (1986) The Modification of an Estuary. Science

231, 567-573. Ninaber, E. (l996) MARPOL Annex V, Commercial Ships, and Port Reception Facilities: Making It Work.

In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J. M.Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp 239-243. Springer Verlag, New York.

Nixon, S. (1989) An extraordinary red tide and fish kill in Narragansett Bay. In Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Courses and impacts of recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms (eds E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, & E.J. Carpenter), pp. 429-447. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Nixon, S.W. (1990) Marine eutrophication: A growing international problem. Ambio 19(3), 1. NMFS (1999) Our Living Seas. Report on the status of U.S. living marine resources. NOAA Technical

Memorandum MNFS-F/SPO-41. National Marine Fisheries Service. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Nounou, P., Martoja, R., & Orcel, L. (l981) Ulcerations of marine fishes and mammals caught in the French coastal waters. Publications of the French National Centre for the Exploitation of the Oceans (CNEXO). Scientific and Technical Reports, 43. Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne, Brest Cedex, France.

NRC (1985) Oil in the Sea: Inputs, fates, and effects. Steering Committee for the Petroleum in the Marine Environment Update, Board on Ocean Science and Policy. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.

NRC (l990) Monitoring Southern California's Coastal Waters. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington DC.

Offshore (1998) Field Development: Billion bbl deepwater giants list continues to grow. Offshore, International Edition. 58(11), 40.

O'Neill, G. (l995) Ocean anomaly triggers record fish kill. Science 268, 1431. Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., & Vedder, E.J. (1988) Identification of virus causing recent seal deaths. Nature 335,

20. Pannier, F. (1979) Mangroves impacted by human-induced disturbances: A case study of the Orinoco

Delta mangrove ecosystem Environmental Management 3(3), 205-216. Patterson, K.L., Porter, J.W. Ritchie, K.B., Polson, S.W., Mueller, E., Peters, E.C., Dantavy, D. L., & Smith,

G.W. (2002) The etiology of white pox, a lethal disease of the Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(13), 8725-2830.

Patterson, R.G., Burby, R.J., & Nelson, A.C. (l991) Sewering the Coast: Bane or Blessing to Marine Water Quality. Coastal Management 19, 239-252.

Pereira, W.E., Rostad, C.E., & Leiker, T.J. (1990) Distribution of agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries. The Science of the Total Environment 97/98, 41-53.

Perkins, S. (2002) Crisis on tap? Pollution and burgeoning populations stress Earth’s water resources. Science News 162(3), 42-43.

Pilkey, O.H., & Dixon. K.L. (l998) The Corps and the Shore. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Pimentel, D & Levitan, L. (l986) Pesticides: Amounts applied and amounts reaching pests. BioScience

36(2),86-91. Pollard, D.A., & Hutchings, P.A. (1990) A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian

region. I. Fishes. Asian Fisheries Science 3: 205-221. Pollard, D.A., & Hutchings, P.A. (1990) A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian

region. II. Invertebrates and algae. Asian Fisheries Science 3: 223-250.

Pullin, R.S.V. (1994) Exotic species and genetically modified organisms in aquaculture and enhanced fisheries: ICLARM’s Position. NAGA, ICLARM 17(4), 19-24.

Raloff, J. (l994) Something's fishy. Marine epidemics may signal environmental threats to the immune system. Science News 146, 8-9.

Raloff, J. (1998) Rogue Algae. The Mediterranean floor is being carpeted with a shaggy, aggressive invader. Science News 154, 8-10.

Redford, D.P, Trulli, H.K. & Trulli, W.R. (l996) Sources of plastic pellets in the aquatic environment. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 335-343. Springer Verlag, New York.

Reid, P.C. (l997) Discharges from hydroelectric power schemes as a trigger for marine algal blooms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(9), 730-733.

Reimer, D.C., & Lipscomb, T.P. (1998) Malignant seminoma with metastasis and herpesvirus infection in a free-living sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29, 35-39.

Resendes, A. R., Juan-Sallés, C., Almeria, S., Majó, N., Domingo, M., & Dubey, J. P. (2002) Hepatic sarcocystosis in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Journal of Parasitology 88, 206-209.

Ribic, C.A., Johnson, S.W. & Cole, C.A. (1996) Distribution, type, accumulation, and source of marine debris in the United States, l989-1993. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions, (eds J.M. Coe & D.B. Rogers), pp. 35-47. Springer Verlag, New York.

Richardson, L.L., Goldberg, W.M., Kuta, K. G., Aronson, R.B., Smith, G.W., Ritchie, K. B., Halas, J.C., Feingold, J.S., & Miller, S.L. (1998) Florida's mystery coral-killer identified. Nature 392, 557-558.

Robards, M.D., Gould, P.J., & Piatt, J.F. (l996) The highest global concentrations and increased abundance of oceanic plastic debris in the North Pacific: evidence from seabirds. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J.M. Coe & D.B. Rogers), pp. 71-80. Springer Verlag, New York.

Roberts, C.M., & Hawkins, J.P. (1999) Extinction risk in the sea. TREE 14 (6), 241-245. Safina, C. (l998) The world’s imperiled fish. Scientific American 9(3),58-63. Salazar, S. (2003) Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) populations. Marine

Pollution Bulletin 47(7-8), 313-318. Sbriz, L., Aquino, M. R., Alberto de Rodrigues, N.M., Fowler, S.W., & Sericano, J.L. (1998) Levels of

chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metals in bivalves and nearshore sediments from the Dominican Republic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(12), 971-979.

Scarlett, A., Donkin, M.E., Fileman, T.W., & Donkin, P. (1997) Occurrence of the marine antifouling agent irgarol 1051 within the Plymouth Sound locality: implications for the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(8), 645-651.

Sea Technology (1998) U.S. marine transportation: moving goods and people. Sea Technology 39(10), 15-17. Sieburth, J.M., & Johnson, P.W. (1989) Picoplankton ultrastructure: a decade of preparation for the brown

tide alga, Aureococcus anaphagefferens. In Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Courses and impacts of recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms (eds E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, & E.J. Carpenter), pp. 1-21. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Sizemore, R.K. & Colwell, R.R. (1977) Plasmids carried by antibiotic-resistant marine bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 12(3), 373-382.

Smayda, T.J. (l989) Primary production and the global epidemic of phytoplankton blooms in the sea: A linkage? In Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Courses and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms (eds E.M.Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, & E.J. Carpenter), pp. 449-483. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Smith, R.L. (1988) Destruction of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems by a rapidly increasing fur seal population. Biological Conservation 45(1), 55-72.

Stephens, J.S.,Jr, Hose, J.E., & Love, M.S. (1988) Fish assemblages as indicators of environmental changes in nearshore environments. In Marine Organisms as Indicators. (eds D. F. Soule & G.S. Kleppel), pp. 91- 105. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Stekoll, M.S, Clement, L.E., & Shaw, D.G. (1980) Sublethal effects of chronic oil exposure on the intertidal clam Macoma balthica. Marine Biology 57, 51-60.

Stirling, I. (l998) Presidential letter regarding the Vaquita. Marine Mammal Society Newsletter. 6(2), 3. Sydeman, W.J., & Jarman, W.M. (l998) Trace metals in seabirds, Steller sea lion, and forage fish and

zooplankton from central California. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(10), 828-832. Tharakan, P.J., Kroeger, T., & Hall, A.S. (2001) Twenty five years of industrial development: A study of

resource use rates and macro-efficiency indicators for five Asian countries. Environmental Science & Policy 4(6), 319-332.

Terchunian A,V. & Smith, J.A. (1998) An economic snap shot of Long Island’s Barrier Island system. Shore and Beach 66(4), 9-11.

Tester, P.A., Fowler, P.K., & Turner, J.T. (l989) Gulf stream transport of the toxic red tide dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis from Florida to North Carolina. In Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Courses and impacts of recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms (eds E.M. Cosper, V.M. Bricelj, & Carpenter, E.J.), pp. 349-358. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Time (1987) Cover story: Where’s the beach? 130(9), 38-47. Time (1988) Cover story: Our filthy seas. 132(5), 44-50. Towel, E. 1985. The island microcosm. In Coasts. Coastal Resources Management: Development Case Studies.

Coastal Publication 3. (ed. J. R. Clark), pp. 590-737. Renewable Resources Information Series, Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

Turgeon, K., Amson, J. Chesnutt, C., Gregerson, S., Holman, T., Magill, J., Spiker, E., Amato, R. Coffinan, K. Meekins, K. Price, J. & Smith, R. (1998) Ocean energy and minerals. Sea Technology 39(10), 11-13.

Tuner, R.E. (1997) Wetland Loss in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Multiple working hypotheses. Estuaries 20(1), 1-13.

Uneputty, P.A., & Evans, S.M. (l997) Accumulation of beach litter on islands of the Pulau Seribu archipelago, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(8), 652-655.

Valiela, I, Bowen, J.L., & York, J.K. (2001) Mangrove forests: One of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. BioScience 51(10), 807-815.

Walker, H. J. (1990) The coastal zone. InThe Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Local and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. (eds B.L.Turner II, W.C. Clark, R.W. Kates, J.F. Richards, J.T. Mathews, & W.B. Meyer), pp. 271-294. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Web site. (2000) Maryland Port Administration. http://www.mpa.state.md.us/info/index.html Williams, N. (l998). Temperature rise could squeeze salmon. Science 280,1349. Williams, S.J. Dodd, K., & Gohn, K.K. (l990) Coasts In Crisis. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1075. U.S.

Government Printing Office. Washington.D.C. World Commission on Dams (2000) Dams and development. A new framework for decision-making. The report

of the World Commission on Dams. Earthscan Publications, London. WWF/IUCN/WCPA (2001) The Status of Natural Resources on the High-Seas, WWF/IUCN, Gland,

Switzerland. Valiela, I, Bowen, J.L., & York, J.K. (2001) Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical

environments. BioScience 51 (10), 807-815. Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo J.M.. (l997) Human domination of Earth's

Ecosystems. Science 277: 494-499. Wilson, S. C. (2001) Population growth, reproductive rate and neo-natal morbidity in a re-establishing

harbour seal colony. Mammalia 65(3), 319-334. Windsor, M. (l993) International management of the North Atlantic Salmon: the role of NASCO. Fisheries

18(10):38-?. Yonge, C. M. (1969) Conservation of coral reefs. Micronesica 5, 307-10.

Chapter 2

Adler, R. W., Landman, J. C., & Cameron, D. M. (1993) The Clean Water Act 20 Years Later. Island Press,

Washington DC. Agardy, T.S. (1994) Advances in marine conservation: The role of marine protected areas. TREE 9(7), 267-

270. Agardy, T.S. (1997). Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation. Academic Press, R.G. Landes

Company, Austin, Texas. Alexander, L.M. (l993) Law of the sea. Encyclopedia Americana 17, 80-81. Grolier Incorporated, Danbury

Conn. Alexander, L.M. (1994) New Trends in Marine Regionalism. In Ocean Yearbook 11. (eds E. M. Borgese, N.

Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 1-8. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Bailey, H.S., Jr. (1953) The voyage of the Challenger. In Oceanography, Readings from Scientific American, pp.

20-24. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. Briscoe, J. l988. Islands in Maritime Boundary Delimitation. In Ocean Yearbook 7. (eds E. M. Borgese, N.

Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 14-41. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Busha, T.S. (l986) The IMO Conventions. In Ocean Yearbook 6 (eds E. M. Borgese, Ginsburg, N., & S.R.

Norman), pp. 160-170. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Carter, R.W.G. (1988) Coastal Environments. Academic Press, London. Cicin-Sain, B., & Knecht, R.W. (1998) Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Concepts and Practices.

Island Press, Washington, D.C. Clark, J. (1996) Coastal Zone Management Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Clark, T.W. (2002) The Policy Process: A Practical Guide for Natural Resource Professionals. University Press,

New Haven. Davis, D., & Huber, M. (1995) Melanesia. In Coastal Management in The Asia-Pacific: Issues and Approaches.

(eds K. Hotta & I. M. Dutton), pp. 319-335. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.

Dutton, I., & Hotta, K. (l995) Introduction. In Coastal Management In The Asia-Pacific: Issues and Approaches, (eds K. Hotta & I. M. Dutton), pp. 3-18, Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.

Dzurek, D.J. (l994) Southeast Asian Offshore Oil Disputes. In Ocean Yearbook 11. (eds E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 157-178. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Eberhardt, L. L., and D. B. Siniff. (1977) Population dynamics and marine mammal management policies. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:183-190.

Fluharty, D. (2000) Habitat protection, ecological issues, and implementation of the Sustainable Fisheries Act. Ecological Applications 10(2), 325-337.

Gare, N.C. (1976) Review of Progress in the Creation of Marine Parks and Reserves. In Proceedings of an International Conference on Marine Parks and Reserves, Tokyo, Japan, 12-14, 1975, pp. 65-71. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.

GEF (1998) Valuing the Global Environment: Actions and investments for a 21st Century. Global Environment Facility Secretariat, Washington, D.C.

Ghabbour, S.I. (1976) The 1976 Jeddah Declaration on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Environmental Conservation 3(2): 122.

Gordon, H.S. (1954) The economic theory of a common-property resource: the fishery. Journal of Political Economy 62 (2): 124-142.

Gordon, W. (l981) Management of Living Marine Resources: Challenge of the Future. In Comparative Marine Policy. Center for Ocean Management Studies, Praeger Special Studies, pp. 145-167.University of Rhode Island. New York.

Graham, M. (1998) Environmental Protection and the States. The Brookings Review 16(1), 22-25.

Hanks, E.H. & Hanks, J.L. (1970) The right to a habitable environment. Cited in Hall, S. (1998) The genie in the bottle: The international regulation of genetically modified organisms. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, 1(3), 363.

Hanson, A.J. (1988) Coastal and ocean resource management: the Vietnam Case. In Ocean Yearbook 7. (eds E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 241-262. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Hepworth, R. 1998. The independent review of CITES. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 1(3), 412-432.

Hey, E. (1999) Developments in International Fisheries Law. Kluwer, The Netherlands. Hildreth, R.G., & Gale, M.K. (l995) Institutional and Legal Arrangements for Coastal Management in

Asia-Pacific Region. In Coastal Management in the Asia-Pacific: Issues and Approaches (eds K. Hotta & I. M. Dutton), pp. 21-37. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.

Hobart, W.L., ed. (1996) Baird’s Legacy: The History and Accomplishments of NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service, 1871-1996. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/Spo-18. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C.

Hockings, M., Stolton, S., & Dudley, N. (2000) A Framework for Assessing the Management of Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.

Holl, K.D., Crone, E.E., & Schultz, C.B. (2003) Landscape restoration: Moving from generalities to methodologies. BioScience 53(5), 491-502.

Hollin, D., & Shaw, D.F. (l996) Comparison of MARPOL Annex V port reception facilities for garbage in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and the United Kingdom. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 245-251. Springer Verlag, New York.

IUCN, UNEP, WWF (1991) Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

IUCN (1994) Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas with the assistance of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Johnson, J.C. (1989) Introduction to managing marine conflicts. Ocean and Shore Management 12, 191-198. Kaminski, J.P., & Saladino, G.J., eds. (l988) The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution,

VIII, Ratification of the Constitution by the States. Virginia. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.

Keckes, S. (l981) Regional seas: An emerging marine policy approach. In Comparative Marine Policy. Center for Ocean Management Studies, Praeger Special Studies, pp. 17-20. University of Rhode Island, New York.

Kelleher, G., ed. (1999) Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.

Kohm, K. A. (1991) Balancing on the Brink of Extinction: The Endangered Species Act and Lessons for the Future: Island Press, Washington, D.C.

MAB-UNESCO Task Force (1974) Task Force on: Criteria and guidelines for the choice and establishment of biosphere reserves. Program on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). Final Report. UNESCO, Paris.

Mallin, M.A. (2000) Impacts on industrial animal production on rivers and estuaries. American Scientist 88, 26-37.

Manning, L.L. (1989) Marine mammals and fisheries conflicts: a philosophical dispute. Ocean and Shore Management 12, 217-232.

Mayr, E. (1997)This is Biology. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Mass. McDowell, D. (1994) Foreward: A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Environmental Policy and

Law Paper, 30, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Mitchell, J.K. (l982) Coastal zone management: a comprehensive analysis of national programs.. Ocean

Yearbook 3, (eds E.M. Borgese & N. Ginsbury), pp. 258-316. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Mitchell, J.K. (l986) Coastal management since 1980: The U.S. Experience and its relevance for other

countries. Ocean Yearbook 6, (eds E.M. Borgese & N. Ginsbury), pp. 319-345. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Mukang, H., Zhao S., & Ge L. (1988) China's coastal environment, utilization, and management. In Ocean Yearbook 7. (eds E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 223-240. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

National Research Council. (1990) Managing Coastal Erosion. Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

National Research Council. (1992) Marine Aquaculture: Opportunities For Growth. Committee on Assessment of Technology and Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture in the United States. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

NOAA (1999) Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management: A Report to Congress by the Ecosystems Principles Advisory Panel. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service.

Norse, E.A., ed. (1993) Global Marine Biological Diversity. A strategy for building conservation into decision making. Center for Marine Conservation, Washington DC.

Nollkaemper, A. (1996) Legal Regulation of Upland Discharges of Marine Debris: From Local to Global Control and Back. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 293-305. Springer Verlag, New York.

Orbach, M.K. (1989) Of mackerel and menhaden: a public policy perspective on fishery conflict. Ocean and Shore Management 12, 199-216.

Panel on the Law of Ocean Uses (l990) U.S. interests and the United Nations convention on the Law of the Sea. Council on Ocean Law, Washington, D.C.

Phillips, A. (2002) Management Guidelines for IUCN Category V Protected Areas: Protected Landscapes/Seascapes. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.

Ray, G.C. (1972) The Problem of Marine Parks. In World National Parks: Progress and Opportunities. (ed., van Osten, R.), p. 52. Hayez, Brussels, Belgium.

Ray, G.C. (1974) An ecosystem approach to marine parks. In Second World Conference on National Parks., (ed. Sir H. Elliott), pp. 260-266. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.

Ray, G.C. & Ciampi, E. (1956) The Underwater Guide to Marine Life. A.S. Barnes & Co., South Brunswick and New York.

Ray, G. C., Clark, J. R., Foster, N. M., Godfrey, P.J., Hayden, B. P., Leatherman, S. P., Odum, W. E., Sather, J. H. & Gregg, Jr., W. P. (1981) Interim Guidelines for Identification and Selection of Coastal Biosphere Reserves. U.S. MAB Report 8, 1-33.

Ray, G.C. & McCormick-Ray, M.G. (1981) Principles, Criteria and Guidelines for the Selection, Establishment and Management of Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Robinson, H.S. & Wilson, K. (1976) Myths and Legends of All Nations. Littlefield, Adams, & Co., Totowa, New Jersey.

Salm, R & Clark, J. R. (1984) Marine and Coastal Protected Areas; A Guide For Planner and Managers. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Silva, M. (1986) Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s. Westview Press, Boulder. Shah, M.J. (l986) Maritime Law and the Developing Countries: Attitudes and Trends. In Ocean Yearbook 6.

(eds E.M. Borgese & N. Ginsbury), pp. 107-138. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Shaw, D.G., Connor, M.S., & Schubel, J.R. (2000) Petroleum development moratoria on Georges Bank:

environmental decision making where values predominate. Environmental Science and Technology 34: 4667-4683.

Strickland, R., & Grosse, D.A.J. (2000) Invited Feature: Fisheries, habitat, and pollution. Ecological Applications 10(2), 323-324.

Swarztrauber, S.A. (1972) The Three-Mile Limit of Territorial Seas. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis. Twiss, J.R. & Reeves, R.R., eds. (1999) Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. Smithsonian

Institution Press, Washington D.C. UN (1983)The Law of the Sea. Official text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with

Annexes and Index. Final Act of the Third United Natins Conference on the Law of the Sea.

Introductory Material on the Convention and the Conference. Croom Helm, London and Canberra.

UN (1993) Earth Summit. Agenda 21. The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio. United Nations Publication, New York.

UNEP (2001) Agenda 21, Chapter 17 — Protection of the Oceans, All Kinds of Seas, Including Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas and Coastal Areas and the Protection Rational Use and Development of their Living Resources. On line: www,unep.org/documents/default.asp?DocumentID=52&ArticleID65

UNESCO (1973) Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). Expert Panel on Project 8: Conservation of Natural Areas and of the genetic material they contain. MAB report series, 12, Morges, Switzerland.

UNESCO (1974) Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). Task Force on: Criteria and guidelines for the choice and establishment of biosphere reserves. MAB report series, 22, Paris.

UNESCO (1984) Action plan for Biosphere Reserves. Nature and Resources 20(4), 1-12. UNESCO (1987) A Practical Guide to MAB UNESCO. Division Ecological Science, Paris. Wallace, R., (Compiler) (1994) The Marine Mammal Commission Compendium of Selected Treaties,

International Agreements, and Other Related Documents on Marine Resources, Wildlife, and the Environment. Updated 1997. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD.

Wilder, R.J. (1998) Listening to the Sea. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.

Chapter 3 Alongi, D.A. (1998) Coastal Ecosystem Processes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Anderson, G.M. (1996) Thermodynamics of Natural Systems. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Artemyev,V.E. (1996) Geochemistry of Organic Matter in River-Sea Systems. Kluwer Academic Publications,

Dordrecht. Augustinus, P.G.E.F. (1995) Geomorphology and sedimentology of mangroves. In Geomorphology and

Sedimentology of Estuaries. Developments in Sedimentology 53, (ed. G.M.E. Perillo), pp. 333-357. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Bearman, G. (Ed.) (1989) Waves, tides and shallow-water processes. The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, U.K.

Bigg, G.R. (1996) The Oceans and Climate. Cambridge University Press, New York. Birkeland, C. (1990) Caribbean and Pacific coastal marine systems: similarities and differences. Nature &

Resources 26 (2): 3-12. Boynton, W.R., & Kemp, W.M. (2000) Influence of river flow and nutrient loads on selected ecosystem

processes. In Estuarine Science (ed. J.E. Hobbie), pp. 269-298. Island Press, Washington DC. Capone, D., & Kiene, R.P. (1988) Comparison of microbial dynamics in marine and freshwater sediments:

Contrasts in anaerobic carbon catabolism. Limnolology & Oceanography 33 (4, part 2), 725-249. Chapin III, F.S. Walker, B.H., Hobbs, R.J., Hooper, D.U., Lawton, J.H., Sala, O.E. & Tilman, D. (l997) Biotic

control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science 277, 500-503. Chapin III, F.S., Schulze, E-D., & Mooney, H.A. (l991) Biodiversity and ecosystem processes. TREE 7(4),

107-108. Correll, D.L. (1978) Estuarine productivity. BioScience 28(10), 646-650. Cowell, P.J., & Thom, B.G. (1994) Morphodynamics of coastal evolution. In Coastal Evolution (eds R.W.G.

Carter & C.D. Woodroffe), pp. 33-86. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Csandy, G. T. (1977) The coastal boundary layer. In Estuaries, Geophysics, and the Environment. National

Research Council, pp. 57-68. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. Dayton, P.K. (1975) Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal

community. Ecological Monographs 45, 137-159 Dayton, P.K., Tegner, M.J., Edwards, P.B., & Riser, K.L. (1998) Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced

expectations in kelp forest communities. Ecological Applications 8(2), 309-322. Dayton, P.K., Tegner, M. J., Edwards, P.B., & Riser, K.L. (1999) Temporal and spatial scales of kelp

demography: The role of oceanographic climate. Ecological Monographs 69 (2), 219-250. Dayton, P.K., Tegner M.J., Parnell P.E., & Edwards, P.B. (l992) Temporal and spatial patterns of

disturbance and recovery in a kelp forest community. Ecological Monographs 62(3), 421-445. de Barr, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Losher, B.M., Veth, C., & Bathmann, U. (1995) Importance

of iron for plankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the southern ocean. Nature, 373, 412-415.

de Ruiter, P.C., Neutel, A-M., & Moore, J.C. (1995) Energetics, patterns of interaction strengths, and stability in real ecosystems. Science 269, 1257-1260.

Denbigh, K.G. (1981) Three Concepts of Time. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Dolan, R., Hayden, B., & Jones, C. (1979) Barrier island configuration. Science 204(4391), 401-402. Dolan, R., Lins, H., & Hayden, B. (1988) Mid-Atlantic coastal storms. Journal Coastal Research 4(3), 417-433. Emery, K.O. (1967) The continental shelves. In Estuaries (ed., G.H. Lauff), pp. 9-11. AAAS, Washington

D.C. Emery, K.O. (1969) The continental shelves. Scientific American 221(3), 106-122. Eyre, B., & Balls, P. (1999) A comparative study of nutrient behavior along the salinity gradient of tropical

and temperate esutaries. Estuaries 22(2A), 313-326. Garrison, T. (1999) Oceanography. Third Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, Calif. Garstang, M. & Fitzjarrald, D.R. (1999) Observations of Surface to Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics.

Oxford University Press, New York.

Griffin, D.W., Kellogg, C.A., Garrison, V.H. & Shinn, E.A. (2002). The global transport of dust. American Scientist 90, 228-235.

Hayden, B.P., & Dolan, R. (1979) Barrier islands, lagoons, and marshes. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 49(4), 1061-1072.

Helfield J.M., & Naiman, R.J. (2001) Effects of salmon-derived nitrogen on riparian forest growth and implications for stream productivity. Ecology 82(9), 2403-2409.

Holligan, P. (ed.) (1990) Coastal Ocean Fluxes and Resources. IGBP Report, 14. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Stockholm, Sweden.

Hornberger, G.M, & Boyer, E.W. (1995) Recent advances in watershed modeling. In Reviews of Geophysics, Supplement. U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, l991-1994, pp. 949-957. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.

Inman, D.L. & Nordstrom, C.E. (1971) Tectonic and morphologic classification of coasts. Journal of Geology 79(1), 1-21.

Kemp, W.M. (1983) Seagrass communities as a coastal resource: a preface. Marine Techonology Society Journal 7(2), 3-5.

Kjerfve, B., ed. (l994) CoastalLagoon Processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Kolber, Z.S., Plumley, F.G., Lang, A.S., Beatty, J.T., Blankenship, R.E., VanDover, C.L., Vetriani, C.,

Koblizek, M., Rathgeber, C., Falkowski, P.G. (2001) Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean. Science 292, 2492-2495. Comment by: Fenchel, T. (2001) Marine bugs and carbon flow. Science 292: 2444-2445.

Konar, B., & Estes, J.A. (2003) The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas. Ecology 84 (1): 174-185.

Kraft, J.C. (1978) Coastal stratifigraphic sequences. In Coastal Sedimentary Environments., (ed. R. A.Davis, Jr.), pp 361-383. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Levinton, J.S. (1982) Marine Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Luther, G.W. & Church, T.M. (1992) An overview of the environmental chemistry of sulphur in wetland

systems. In Sulphur Cycling on the Continents, SCOPE, (eds. R.W. Howarth, J.W.B. Stewart, & M.V. Ivanov), pp. 125-144. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester and New York.

Martin, J.H., Coale, K.H., Johnson, K.S., Fitzwater, S.E., Gordon, R.M., Tanner, S.J., Hunter, C.N., Elrod, V.A., Nowicki, J.L., Coley, T.L., Barber, R.T., Lindley, S., Watson, A.J., van Scoy, K., Law, C.S., Liddicoat, M.I., Ling, R., Stanton, T., Stockel, J., Collins, C., Anderson, A., Bidigare, R., Ondrusek, M., Latasa, M., Millero, F.J., Lee, K., Yao, W., Zhang, J.Z., Friederich, G., Sakamoto, C., Chavez, F., Buck, K., Kolber, Z., Greene, R. Falkowski, P., Chisholm, S.W., Hoge, F., Swift, R., Yungel, J., Turner, S., Nightingale, P., Hatton, A., Liss, P., & Tindale, N.W. (1994) Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371, 123-129.

Martin, J.M., Burton, H.J.D. & Eisma, D., eds. (l980) River Input to Ocean Systems. UNESCO and UNEP, Paris.

Mclachlan, A. & Jaramillo, E. (1995) Zonation on sandy beaches. Oceanography & Marine Biology: An Annual Review 33, 305-335.

Mellor, G.L. (1996) Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Milliman, J.D., & Farn, K.L. (In press) River Runoff, Erosion, and Delivery to the Coastal Ocean: A Global

Analysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. Monteith, J.L. (1975) Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, London. NOAA (1990) Estuaries of the United States. Vital statistics of a national resource base. A Special NOAA

20th Anniversary Report. Strategic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division. Rockville, Maryland.

Nykjaer, L., & van Camp, L. (1994) Seasonal and interannual variability of coastal upwelling along northwest Africa and Portugal from 1981 to 1991. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 14053-14704.

Odum, E.P., Finn, J.T., & Franz. E.H. (l979) Perturbation theory and the subsidy-stress gradient. Bioscience 29(6), 349-352.

Ogden, J.C. (1997) Ecosystem interactions in the tropical coastal seascape. In Life and Death of Coral Reefs (ed. C. Birkeland), pp. 288-297. Chapman and Hall, New York.

O’Neill, R.V. (1980) Perspectives in hierarchy and scale. In Perspectives in Ecological Theory, (eds. J.Roughgarden, R.M. May, and S.A. Levin), pp. 140-156. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Paerl, H.W., & Fogel, M.L. (1994) Isotopic characterization of atmospheric nitrogen inputs as sources of enhanced primary productivity in coastal Atlantic Ocean water. Marine Biology 119, 635-645.

Parker, W.R., & Kirby, R. (1982) Time dependent properties of cohesive sediment relevant to sedimentation management — European Experience. In Estuarine Comparisons (ed. V.S. Kennedy), pp. 573-589. Academic Press, New York.

Patrick, R. (1994) Rivers of the United States. 1, Estuaries. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Perkins, S. (2001) Dust, the thermostat. Science News 160, 200-207. Pimm, S.L. (1984) The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307: 321-326. Postma, H. (1967) Sediment transport and sedimentation in the estuarine environment. In Estuaries (ed. G.

H. Lauff), pp. 158-179. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington DC. Postma, H. (1988) Physical and chemical oceanographic aspects of continental shelves. In Ecosystems of the

World, 27, Continental Shelves, (eds. H. Postma & J.J. Zijlstra), pp. 5-37. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Postma, H., & Zijlstra, J.J., eds (1988) Ecosystems of the World 27. Continental Shelves. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of Chaos. Bantam Books, Toronto. Raven, J.A., & Falkowski, P.G. (1999) Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO2. Plant, Cell and Environment 22,

741-755. Raymond, P.A., & Bauer, J.E. (2000) Atmospheric CO2 evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production,

and net heterotrophy. Limnology & Oceanography 45(8), 1707-1717. Redfield, A.C., Ketchum, B.H., & Richards, F.A. (1982) The influence of organisms on the composition of

sea-water. InThe Sea, 2, (ed. M.N. Hill), pp. 26-77. Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, Florida. Revenga, C., Murray, S., Abramovitz, J., & Hammond, A. (1998) Watersheds of the World: Ecological Value

and Vulnerability. A joint publication by the World Resources Institute and Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.

Rice, D.W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publication 4. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, Kansas.

Ridderinkhof, H., & Zimmerman, J.T.F. (1992) Chaotic stirring in a tidal system. Science 258, 1107-1110. Riebesell, U., Zondervan, I., Rost, B., Tortell, P.D., Zeebe, R.E., & Morel F.M.M. (2000) Reduced

calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407: 364-367. Comment by: Gattuso, J-P., & Buddemeier, R.W. (2000) Calcification and CO2. Nature 407: 311, 313.

Ritter, D.F. (1986) Process Geomorphology. Second edition. W. C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa. Rosenfeld, D., Lahav, R., Khain, A., & Pinsky, M. (2002) The role of sea spray in cleansing air pollution

over ocean via cloud processes. Science 297: 1667-1670 Roughgarden, J. (1997) Production functions from ecological populations: A survey with emphasis on

spatially implicit models. In Spatial Ecology. The Role of Space in PopulationDdynamics and Interspecific interactions. Monographs in Population Biology 30. (eds. Tilman, D., & Kareiva, P.), pp 296-317. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Rutzler, K., & Feller, I.C. (1996) Caribbean mangrove swamps. Scientific American 274(3), 94-99. Schneider, D.C. (1995) Spatial and temporal scaling of energy flux through populations of marine nekton.

In Ecology of Fjords and Coastal Waters., (eds. H.R. Skjoldal, C. Hopkins, K.E Erikstad, & H.P. Leinaas), pp 419-427. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.

Schneider, D.C. (2001) The rise of the concept of scale in ecology. BioScience 51 (7): 545-553. Schulz, H.D., & Zabel, M., eds. (2000) Marine Geochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Seagle, S.W., Pagnotta, R., & Cross, F.A. (1999) The Chesapeake Bay and northern Adriatic Sea drainage

basins: Land-cover and nutrient export. In Ecosystems at the Land-Sea Margin: Drainage Basin to Coastal Sea (eds. T.C. Malone, A. Malej, J. L.W. Harding, N. Smodlaka, & R.E.Turner), pp. 7-27. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

Sebens, K. (1985) The ecology of the rocky subtidal zone. American Scientist 73, 548-557. Smodlaka, N., Malone, T.C., Malej, A. &, Harding, Jr., L.W. (1999) Introduction. In Ecosystems at the Land-

Sea Margin: Drainage Basin to Coastal Sea, (eds. T.C. Malone, A. Malej, J. L.W. Harding, N. Smodlaka & R.E. Turner), pp 1-6. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

Snelgrove, P.V.R. (1999) Getting to the bottom of marine biodiversity: Sedimentary habitats. Bioscience 49(2), 129-138.

Snelgrove, P.V.R., Austen, M.C., Boucher, G., Heip, C., Hutchings, P.A., King, G.M., Koike, I., Lambshead, P.J.D., & Smith, C.R. (2000) Linking biodiversity above and below the marine sediment-water interface. BioScience 50 (12), 1076-1088.

Solbrig, O.T., & Nicolis, G., eds. (1991) Perspectives on Biological Complexity. International Union of Biological Sciences, Paris.

Takeda, S. (1998) Influence of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters. Nature 393, 774-777.

Taylor, P.D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., & Merriam, G. (1993) Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 68(3), 571-573.

Valentine, JW. (1983) Seasonality: Effects in marine benthic communities. In Biotic Interaction in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, 3. (ed. M. J.S. Tevesz & P. L. McCall), pp. 121-151. Plenum Press, New York.

Valiela, I, Foreman, K., LaMontagne, M., Hersh, D., Costa, J., Peckol, P. & DeMeo-Andreson, B. (1992) Couplings of watershed and coastal waters: Sources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in Waquoit Bay, Massachusettes. Estuaries 15(4), 443-457.

VanWeering, T.C.E., McCave, I.N., Hall, I.R. (1998) Ocean maragin exchange (OMEX I) benthic processes study. Progress in Oceanography 42, 1-4.

Visser, J.M., Saser, C.E., & Chabreck, R.H. (2000) Marsh vegetation types of the chenier plain, Louisiana, USA. Estuaries 23 (3): 318-327.

Walsh, J.J. (1988) On the Nature of Continental Shelves. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego. Watson, A.J. (1997) Volcanic iron, CO2 , ocean productivity and climate. Nature 385, 587-588. Woodmansee, R.G. (1990) Biogeochemical cycles and ecological hierarchies. In Changing Landscape: an

Ecological Perspective (eds. I. S. Zonneveld & R.T.T. Forman), pp. 57-71. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Wright, L.D. & Thom, B.G. (1977) Coastal depositional landforms: a morphodynamic approach. Progress in Physical Geography 1, 412-459.

Zehr, J.P., Waterbury, J.B., Turner, P.J., Montoya, J.P., Omoregie, E., Steward, G.F., Hansen, A., & Karl, D.M. (2001) Unicellular cyanobacteria fix N2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 412: 635-638. Comment by: Fuhrman, J.A., &Capone, D.G. (2001) Nifty nanoplankton. Nature 412: 593-594.

Zuo, Y., (1995) Kinetics of photochemical/chemical cycling of iron coupled with organic substances in cloud and fog droplets. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 3123-3130.

Chapter 4

Able, K.W & Fahay, M.P. (1998) The First Year in the Life of Estuarine Fishes in the Middle Atlantic Bight.

Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J. Ansen, A.J. & de Castri, F., eds. (1992) Landscape Boundaries. Springer-Verlag, New York. Bailey, R.G. (1995) Description of the Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agriculture, U.S. Forest

Service Miscellaneous Publication 1391. Barber, P.H., Palumbi, S.R., Erdmann, M.V., & Moosa, M.K. (2000) A marine Wallace's line? Nature 406:

692-693. Bartholomew, G.A. (1986) The role of natural history in contemporary biology. BioScience 36(5), 324-329. Béja, O., Suzuki, M.T., Heidelberg, Nelson, W.C., Preston, C.M., Hamada, T., Eisen, J.A., Fraser, C.M., &

DeLong, E.F. Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. Nature 415: 630-633. Comment by: Karl, D.M. (2002) Hidden in a sea of microbes. Nature 415: 590-591.

Benzie, J.A.H. (1999) Genetic structure of coral reef organisms: ghosts of dispersal past. American Zoologist. 39: 131-145.

Bouchard, S.S., & Bjorndal, K.A. (2000) Sea turtles as biological transporters of nutrients and energy from marine to terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology 81 (8): 2305-2313.

Boucher, D.H. (1985) The idea of mutualism, past and future. InThe Biology of Mutualism. Ecology and Evolution (eds. D H. Boucher), pp . 1-28. Oxford University Press, New York.

Brown, J.H., & Gibson, A.C. (1983) Biogeography. The C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Bruno, J.F. & Bertness, M.D. (2001) Habitat modification and facilitation in benthic marine communities.

In Marine Community Ecology (eds. M.D. Bertness, S.D. Gaines, & M.E. Hay), pp. 201-218. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.

Caley, M.J., Carr, M.H., Hixon, M.A., Hughes, T.P., Jones, G.P., & Menge, B.A. (1996) Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27: 477-500.

Chapin, F.S., III, Zavaleta, E.S., Eviner, V.T., Naylor, R.L., Vitousek, P.M., Reynolds, H.L., Hooper, D.U., Lavorel, S., Sala, O.E., Hobbie, S.E., Mack, M.C., & Diaz, S. (2000) Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405: 234-242.

Cody, M.L. (l974) Optimization in ecology. Science 183, 1156-1164. Copley, J. (2002) All at sea: the oceans are full of microorganisms. Nature 415: 572-574. Cushing, D. H. (1975) Marine Ecology and Fisheries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. DeAngelis, D.L., Rose, K.A., Crowder, L.B., Marschall, E.A., & Lika, D. (1993) Fish cohort dynamics:

application of complementary modeling approaches. American Naturalist 147(4), 604-622. de Forges, B.R., Koslow, J.A., & Poore, G.C.B. (2000) Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount

fauna in the southwest Pacific. Nature 405: 944-947. Etter, R.J., Rex, M.A., Chase, M.C., & Quattro, J.M. (1999) A genetic dimension to deep-sea biodiversity.

Deep-Sea Research 46: 1095-1099. Fenchel, T. (2001) Marine bugs and carbon flow. Science 292, 2444-2445. Fleishman, E., Murphy, D.D., & Brussard, P.F. (2000) A new methods for selection of umbrella species for

conservation planning. Ecological Applications 10(2), 569-579. Fuhrman, J.A., & Campbell, L. (1998) Microbial microdiversity. Nature 393, 410-411. Garcia-Rodriguez, A.I., Bowen, B. W., Domning, D., Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., Marmontel, M., Montoya-

Ospina, R. A., Morales-Vela, B., Rudin, M., Bonde, R. K., & P. M. McGuire. (1998) Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): How many populations and how many taxa? Molecular Ecology 7(9), 1137-1150.

Garman, G.C. (1992) Fate and potential significance of postspawning anadromous fish carcasses in an Atlantic coastal river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121, 390-394.

Gaston, K.J. (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405: 220-227. Gauthier-Clerc, M., Le Maho, Y., Clerquin, Y., Drault, S., & Handrich, Y. (2000) Penguin fathers preserve

food for their chicks. Nature 408: 928-929. Geist, V. (1978) Life Strategies, Human Evolution, and Environmental Design. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Gold, J.R., & Richarson, L.R. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA diversification and population structure in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic. The Journal of Heredity 89(5), 404-414.

Gold, J.R., & Richarson, L.R. (1998) Population structure in greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, from the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic Ocean. Fishery Bulletin 96, 767-778.

Gold, J.R., Richarson, L.R., & Furman, C. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population structure of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in coastal waters of the southeastern United States. Gulf of Mexico Science 1999(1), 40-50.

Hamilton, T. H. (1967) Process and Pattern in Evolution. The Macmillam Co., New York. Hixon, M.A., & Brostoff, W.N. (1983) Damselfish as keystone species in reverse: intermediate disturbance

and diversity of reef algae. Science 220: 511-513. Hixon, M.A., & Menge, B.A. (1991) Species diversity: prey refuges modify the interactive effects of

predation and competition. Theoretical Population Biology 39(2): 178-200. Hughes, R.G. (1986) Theories and models of species abundance. American Naturalist 128(6), 879-899. Hughes, T.P., & Tanner, J.E. (2000) Recruitment failure, life histories, and long-term decline of Caribbean

corals. Ecology 81 (8): 2250-2263. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Dinsdale, E.A., Moltschaniwskyj, N.A. Pratchett, M.S., Tanner, J.E., & Willis,

B.L. (2000) Supply-side ecology works both ways: the link between benthic adults, fecundity, and larval recruits. Ecology 81 (8): 2241-2249.

Jones, C.G., & Lawton, J.H. (1995) Linking Species & Ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, New York. Kuo, S.-R., Lin, H.-J. & Shao, K.-T. (1999) Fish assemblages in the mangrove creeks of northern and

southern Taiwan. Estuaries 22(4), 1004-1015. Larson, D.W & Rhodes, D.C. (1983) The evolution of infaunal communities and sedimentary fabrics. In

Biotic Interaction in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities 3 (ed. M.J.S. Tevesz & P. L. McCall), pp 627-648. Plenum Press, New York.

Leigh, Jr., E.G. (1975) Population fluctuations, community stability, and environmental variability. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities. (eds. M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond), pp. 51-73. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Levins, R. (l975) Evolution in communities near equilibrium. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities, (eds. M.L. Cody & J. M. Diamond), pp. 16-50. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

MacArthur, J.W. (1975) Environmental fluctuations and species diversity. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds. M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond), pp. 74-80. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Margulis, L., & Sagan, D. (1986) Origns of Sex: Three billion years of genetic recombination. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.

May, R.M. (1992) How many species inhabit the Earth? Scientific American 267(4), 42-48. May, R.M. (1975) Patterns of species abundance and diversity In Ecology and Evolution of Communities.

(eds. M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond), pp. 81-120. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

McCann, K.S., (2000) The diversity-stability debate. Nature 405: 228-223. McLachlan, A., & Jaramillo, E. (1995) Zonation on sandy beaches. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an

Annual review 33: 305-335. Montgomery, J.C., Baker, C.F., & Carton, A.G. (1997) The lateral line can mediate rheotaxis in fish. Nature

399: 960-963. Comment by: Northcutt, R.G. (1997) Swimming against the current. Nature 399: 915-916.

Moore, L.R. Rocap, G., & Chisholm, S.W. (1998) Physiology and molecular phylogeny of coexisting prochlorococcus ecotypes. Nature 393, 464-467.

Morgan, S.G. (1995) Life and death in the plankton: Larval mortality and adaptation. In Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae (ed., L. McEdward), pp. 279-321. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.

Mumby, P.J. (2001) Beta and habitat diversity in marine systems: A new approach to measurement, scaling and interpretation. Oecologia 128, 274-280.

Mumby, P.J, & Harborne, A.R. (1999) Development of a systematic classification scheme of marine habitats to facilitate regional management and mapping of Caribbean coral reefs. Biological Conservation 88, 155-163.

Neutel, A-M., Heesterbeek, J.A.P., & de Ruiter, P.C. (2002) Stability in real food webs: weak links in long loops. Science 296: 1120-1123.

Noss, R.F. (1991) Landscape connectivity: Different function and different scales. In Landscape Linages and Biodiversity (ed., W.E. Hudson), pp. 27-39. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Olivieri, I., Michalakis, Y., & Gouyon, P. (l995) Metapopulation genetics and the evolution of dispersal. American Naturalist 146(2), 202-228.

Olsen, D.B., & Hood, R.R. (1994) Modelling pelagic biogeography. Progress in Oceanography 34: 161-205 Osman, R. W. (1977) The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community. Ecological

Monographs 47, 37-63. Rochet, M-J. (2000) A comparative approach to life-history strategies and tactics among four orders of

teleost fish. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 228-239. Pickett, S.T.A., & White P.S. (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press,

Orlando, Florida. Purvis, A., & Hector, A. (2000) Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature 405: 212-219. Ralls, K., Brownell, R.L., & Ballou, J. (1983) Genetic diversity in California sea otters: Theoretical

considerations and management implications. Biological Conservation 25, 209-232. Raven, P. H., & Johnson, G.B. (1986) Biology. Times Mirror/Mosby College, St. Louis, Missouri. Ray, G.C., and M.G. McCormick-Ray (2002) Biodiversity of Coastal-Realm Waters. In Theme 1.6,

Natural Resource System Challenge IV, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK. Available electronically only (http://www.eolss.net).

Reice, S.R. (1994) Nonequilibrium determinants of biological community structure. American Scientist 82: 424-435.

Rex, M.A. (1997) An oblique slant on deep-sea biodiversity. Nature 385: 577-578. Rex, M.A., & Etter, R.J. (1998) Bathymetric patterns of body size: implications for deep-sea biodiversity.

Deep-Sea Research II 45: 103-127. Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J., Clain, A.J., &Hill, M.S. (1999) Bathymetric patterns of body size in deep-sea

gastropods. Evolution 53(4): 1298-1301. Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J., & Stuart, C.T. (1997) Large-scale patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea

benthos. In Marine Biodiversity Patterns and Processes (eds R.F.G. Ormond, J.D.Gage, & M.V. Angel), pp. 94-121. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., & Coyne, G. (2000) Latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4082-4085.

Ricklefs, R.E. (1973). Ecology. Chiron Press, Newton, MA. Robins, C.R. (1991) Regional diversity among Caribbean fish species. BioScience 41(7), 458-459. Rohde, K., Heap, M., & Heap, D. (1993) Rapoport's rule does not apply to marine teleosts and cannot

explain latitudinal gradients in species richness. American Naturalist 142(1): 1-16. Schopf, J. W., ed. (1992) Major Events in the History of Life. Jone and Bartlett, Boston. Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., & Knapp, G.L. (1984) State Hydrologic Unit Maps. U.S. Geological Service,

Open-File Report 84-708. Shugart, H.H. (1990) Ecological Models and the Ecotone. InThe Ecology and Management of Aquatic-

Terrestrial Ecotones, NASA Grant, NAG-5-1018 and NSF Grant, BSR 87-02333, p 23-36. The Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, England.

Silliman, B.R., & Zieman, J.C. (2001) Top-down control of Spartina alterniflora production by periwinkle grazing in a Virginia salt marsh. Ecology 82(10): 2830-2845.

Snelgrove, P.V.R., Austen, M.C., Boucher, G., Heip, C., Hutchings, P.A., King, G.M., Koike, I., Lamdshead, J.D., & Simth, C.R. (2000) Linking biodiversity above and below the marine sediment-water interface. BioScience 50 (12): 1076-1088.

Stachowicz, J.J., Whitlatch, R.B., & Osman, R.W. (1999) Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. Science 286: 1577-1579.

Taylor, M.S., & Hellberg, M.E. (2003) Genetic evidence for local retention of pelagic larvae in a Caribbean reef fish. Science 299: 107-109. Comment by: Palumbi, S.R., & Warner, R.R. (2003) Why gobies are like Hobbits. Science 299: 51-52.

Templeton, A.R. (1986) Coadaptation and outbreeding depression. In Conservation Biology. (ed. M. E. Soulé), pp 105-116. Sinauer Asso. Inc, Sunderland, Mass.

Tilman, D. (2000) Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature 405: 208-211. Turner, M.G., & Dale, V.H. (1991) Modeling landscape disturbance. In Quantitative Methods in Landscape

Ecology. Ecological Studies 82. (eds., Turner, M. G. & Gardner, R.H.), pp. 323-351. Springer Verlag, New York.

Van Dover, C.L., German, C.R., Speer, K.G., Parson, L.M., & Vrijenhoek (2002) Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253-1257.

Vogel, S. (1984) Drag and flexibility in sessile organisms. American Zoologist 24, 37-44. Vroom, P.S., & Smith C.M. (2001) The challenge of siphonous green algae. American Scientist 89: 525-531. Wallace, C.C., Pandolfi, J.M., Young, A., & Wolstenholme, J. (1991) Indo-Pacific biogeography: a case

study from the Acropora selago group. Australian Systmatic Botany 4: 199-210. Winemiller, K.O (1995) The structural and functional aspects of fish diversity. Bulletin Français de la Pêche

et de la Pisciculture 337/338/339, 23-45. Winemiller, K.O. (1996) Factors driving temporal and spatial variation in aquatic floodplain food webs. In

Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics.: (eds. G.A. Polis & K.O. Winemiller), pp. 298-312. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Zonneveld, I.S. (1990) Scope and concepts of landscape ecology as an emerging science. In Changing Landscape: An Ecological Perspective (eds. I. S. Zonneveld & R.T.T. Forman), pp. 3-20. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Chapter 5

Abrahamson, J.D. (1961) Economic aspects of markets for middle Atlantic oysters. In Proceedings of the

Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. Thirteenth Annual Session, Miami Beach, Florida, November, 1960, pp. 128-131. Institute of Marine Sciences of the University Miami. Coral Gables, Florida.

Andrews, J.D. (1979) Pelecypoda: Ostreidae. In Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates vol V. Molluscs: Pelecypods and Lesser Classes (eds. A. C. Giese & J.S. Pearse), pp. 293-338. Academic Press, New York.

Andrews, J.D. (l984) Epizootiology of diseases of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 37, 149-166.

Bahr, L.M., Jr. (1976) Energetic aspects of the intertidal oyster reef community at Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA). Ecology 67, 121-131.

Baird, D., Ulanowicz, R.E., & Boynton, W.R. (1995) Seasonal nitrogen dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay: a network approach. Estuaries, Coastal, Shelf Science 41, 137-162.

Barber, B.J., & Mann, R. (1991) Estimation of standing stock of oysters in the James River, Virginia, using commercial fishing records. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering 310. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va.

Benson, N. (1981) The freshwater inflow to estuaries issue. Fisheries 6(5), 8-10. Boesch, D.F. (2001) Pfiesteria and the Chesapeake Bay. BioScience 51(10), 803. Bowman, M.J. (1988) Estuarine fronts. In Hydrodynamics of Estuaries, I. (ed. B. Kjerfve), pp 85-132. CRC

Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. Brooks, W.K. (1891) The Oyster: A Popular Summary of a Scientific Study. The Johns Hopkins Press,

Baltimore. Buxton, C.D., Newell, R.C., & Field, J.G. (l981) Response-surface analysis of the combined effects of

exposure and acclimation temperatures on filtration, oxygen consumption and scope for growth in the oyster Ostrea edulis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 6, 73-82.

Buzzelli, C.P. (1998) Dynamic simulation of littoral zone habitats in lower Chesapeake Bay. I. Ecosystem characterization related to model development. Estuaries 21(4A), 659-672.

Carriker, M R. (1967) Ecology of estuarine benthic invertebrates: A perspective. Estuaries 83, (ed. G. H. Lauff), pp. 442-487. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

Carriker, M R. (1996) Chapter 3. The shell and ligament. In The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica (eds. Kennedy, V. S., Newell, R. I.E., & Eble, A. F.), pp 75-168. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park MD.

C-P (Chesapeake-Potomac) Study Commission (1948) Report on Fish and Shellfish in the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River, with Recommendations for their Future Management. Press of the Daily Record, Baltimore, Maryland.

Cronin, L.E. (1967) The role of man in estuarine processes. In, Estuaries (ed. G.H. Lauff), pp. 667-689. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

Edmonds, R. H. (1887) Review of the oyster industry. The oyster interests of Virginia. In The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States: A geographical review of the fisheries industries and fishing communities for the year 1880. Section II, pp. 464-473. Department of Interior, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Ernst, H.R. (2003) Chesapeake Bay Blues: Science, policy and the struggle to save the Bay. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Maryland.

Fairbanks, W.L., & Hamill, W.S. (1932) The Fisheries of Maryland. Maryland Development Bureau of the Baltimore Association of Commerce, Baltimore, Maryland.

Friedland, K.D., Ahrenholz, D.W., & Guthrie, J.F. (1996) Formation and seasonal evolution of Atlantic menhaden juvenile nurseries in coastal estuaries. Estuaries 19(1), 105-114.

Friedrichs, C.T., & Perry, J.E. (2001) Tidal salt marsh morphodynamics: A synthesis. Journal of Coastal Research 27, 7-37.

Garman, G.C. (1992) Fate and potential significance of postspawning anadromous fish carcasses in an Atlantic coastal river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121, 390-394.

Garman, G.C., & Macko, S.A. (1998) Contribution of marine-derived organic matter to an Atlantic coastal, freshwater, tidal stream by anadromous clupeid fishes. Journal North American Benthological Society 17(3), 277-285.

Hall, L.W, Jr. Pinkney, A.E, Horseman, L.O., & Finger, S.E. (1985) Mortality of striped bass larvae in relation to contaminants and water quality in a Chesapeake Bay tributary. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114, 861-868.

Hargis, W.J., Jr. (1999) The evolution of the Chesapeake oyster reef system during the Holocene epoch. In Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Proceedings from the Symposium, Williamsburg, Virginia, April 1995. (eds. Luckenbach, M.W., Mann, R., & Wesson, J.A.), 5-23.Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester, Va.

Haven, D.S. & Morales-Alamo, R. (1972) Biodeposition as a factor in sedimentation of fine suspended solids in estuaries. In Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries: Memoir 133. (ed. B. W.Nelson), pp. 121-130. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.

Hennessey, T.M. (l994) Governance and adaptive management for estuarine ecosystems: The case of Chesapeake Bay. Coastal Management 22, 119-145.

Ingersoll, E. (1887) The oyster industry. Part XX. The oyster, scallop, clam, mussel, and abalone industries. In The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. George Brown Goode, Section V, History and methods of the Fisheries, II, pp. 507-564. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Ingersoll, E. (l881) The oyster industry. InThe Tenth Census of the United States: The History and Present Condition of the Fishery Industries, pp. 156-175. Department of Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

JHU (l893) Maryland: Its Resources, Industries, and Institutions. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Jordan, S., Stenger, C., Olson, M., Batiuk, R., & Mountford, K. (1992) Chesapeake Bay dissolved oxygen goal for restoration of living resource habitats. Prepared for the Living Resources Subcommittee and the Implementation Committee's Nutrient Reduction Strategy Reevaluation Workshop of the Chesapeake Bay Program. Reevaluation Report 7c. CBP/TRS 88/93 Annapolis, Maryland.

Jordan, S.J., Mihursky, J.A., & Funderburk, S.L. (l991) Introduction. In Habitat Requirements for Chesapeake Bay Living Resources (eds. S.L. Funderburk, J.A. Mihursky, S. J. Jordan, & D. Riley), pp. 1:1-5. Chesapeake Research Consortium, Solomons, Maryland.

Kane, A.S., Oldach, D., & Reimschuessel, R. (1998) Fish lesions in the Chesapeake Bay: Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and other etiologies. Maryland Medical Journal 37(3), 106-112.

Kennedy, V.S, & Breisch, L.L. (1983) Sixteen decades of political management of the oyster fishery in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Environmental Management 16, 153-171.

Kemp, W.M., Twilley, R.R., Stevenson, J. C., Boynton, W.R., & Means, J.C. (1983) The decline of submerged vascular plants in upper Chesapeake Bay: Summary of results concerning possible causes. Marine Technology Journal 17(2), 78-89.

Klauda, R.J., Fishcher, S.A., Hall, Jr., L.W., & Sullivan, J.A. (l991) American shad and hickory shad (Alosa sapidissima and Alosa mediocris). In Habitat Requirements For Chesapeake Bay Living Resources , (eds., S. L. Funderburk, J. A. Mihursky, S. J. Jordan, D. Riley), pp. 9:1-27. Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc., Solomons, Maryland.

Lauff, G.H., ed., Estuaries. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. Lenihan, H.S. (l999) Physical-biological coupling on oyster reefs: how habitat structure influences

individual performance. Ecological Monographs 69(3), 251-275. Lippson, R.L. (1991) Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. In Habitat Requirements for Chesapeake Bay

Living Resources, second edition (eds. Funderburk, S., Jordan, S., Mihursky, J. & Riley, D.), pp 7-1-7-6. Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc, Solomons, Md.

Luckenbach, M.W., Mann, R., & Wesson, J.A., eds. (1999) Oyster Reef Habitat Restoration: A Synopsis and Synthesis of Approaches. Proceedings from the Symposium, Williamsburg, Virginia, April 1995. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester, Virginia.

Lund, E.J. (l957) Self-silting by the oyster and its significance for sedimentation geology. Publications of the Institute Marine Science, University of Texas 4(2), 320-327.

Magnien, R.E. (2001) The dynamics of science, perception, and policy during the outbreak of Pfiesteria in the Chesapeake Bay BioScience 51(10), 843-852.

Malone, T.C., & Ducklow, H.W. (l990) Microbial biomass in the coastal plume of Chesapeake Bay: Phytoplankton-bacterioplankton relationships. Limnology & Oceanography 35(2), 296-312.

Mann, R., Burreson, E.M., & Baker, P.K. (1991) The decline of the Virginia oyster fishery in Chesapeake Bay: Consideration for introduction of a non-endemic species, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, l793). Journal Shellfish Research 10(2), 379-388.

Matuszeski, B. (2000) Chesapeake 2000: The path is clear, but can we deliver? Commentary. Bay Journal 10(5), 18-21.

McCary, B.C. (1992) Indians in Seventeenth-Century Virginia. 11th printing. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Newell, R.I.E. & Langdon, C.J. (1996) Mechanisms and physiology of larval and adult feeding. InThe Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica. (eds. Kennedy, V. S. Newell, R. I. E., & Eble, A. F. ), pp 185-269. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park, Maryland.

Neilson, B.J., Kuo, A., & Brubaker, J. 1989. Estuarine Circulation. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey. Nichols, M. M. (1972) Effects of depth on salinity, James River estuary. In Environmental Framework of

Coastal Plain Estuaries. Memoir 133. (ed. B. W. Nelson), pp. 571-589. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.

Nuttle, W. K. & Harvey, J.W. (1995) Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. Journal of Hydrology 164, 89-107.

Odum, E.P. (1974) Halophytes, energetics, and ecosystems. In Ecology of Halophytes, (ed. R. J. Reimold & W.H. Queen), pp. 599-602. Academic Press, New York.

Odum, W.E. (1988) Comparative ecology of tidal freshwater and salt marshes. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19,147-76.

Pait, A.S., DeSouza, A.E., & Farrow, D.R.G. (1992) Agricultural Pesticide Use in Coastal Areas: a National Summary. Strategic Environmental Assessments, NOAA, U.S. Deptartment of Commerce, Rockville, Maryland.

Patrick, R. (1967) Diatom communities in estuaries. Estuaries, 83. (eds., Lauff, G. H.), pp. 311-315. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

Perry, J.E., Barnard, T., Bradshaw, J., Friedrichs, C., Havens, K., Mason, P. Priest, W., & Silberhorn, G. (2001) Created tidal wetlands: A case study. Journal of Coastal Research (Special Issue) 27, 170-191.

Raymond, P.A. & Bauer J.E. (2001) DOC cycling in a temperate estuary: a mass balance approach using natural 14C and 13C isotopes. Limnology & Oceanography 46(3), 655-667.

Reid, G.K. (1961) Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. Reynolds, C.S. (1994) The role of fluid motion in the dynamics of phytoplankton in lakes and rivers. In

Aquatic Ecology, Scale, Pattern, and Process. (eds. P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew, & D.G. Raffaelli), pp. 141-187. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Richardson, D.L. (1992) Hydrogeology and Analysis of the Ground-Water-Flow System of the Eastern Shore, Virginia. Open-file Report 91-490, U.S. Geological Survey, Richmond, Virginia.

Roesijadi, G. (l996) Environmental factors: Response to metals. InThe Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica. (eds. V. S. Kennedy, R. I. E. Newell, & A. F. Eble), pp. 515-537. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park, Maryland.

Rusnak, G.A. (l967) Rates of sediment accumulation in modern estuaries. In Estuaries, 83, (ed. G. H. Lauff), pp. 180-184. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington DC.

Sanders J.G., Riedel, G. F., & Abbe, G.R. (1991) Factors controlling the spatial and temporal variability of trace metal concentrations in Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). In Estuaries and Coasts: Spatial and

Temporal Intercomparisons. E.C.S.A. Symposium, University of Caen, France. (eds. Elliott, M., & Ducrotoy, J-P. ), pp 335-339. Olsen and Olsen, International Symposium Series.

Schubel, J.R. (1981) The Living Chesapeake. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Shumway, S.A. (l996) Natural environment factors. In The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica (eds.

Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell, & A. F. Eble), pp. 467-519. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park Maryland. Staver, K.W., & Brinsfield, R.B. (2001) Agriculture and water quality on the Maryland eastern shore:

where do we go from here? BioScience 51(10), 859-8668. Stevenson, J.C., Piper, C.B., & Confer, N. (1979) The Decline of Submerged Aquatic Plants in Chesapeake Bay.

Office of Biological Services, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/24. July. Tenore, K.R., & Heip, C. (l998) Transport, retention, transformation processes and their biological control

in estuarine and coastal systems: an introduction. Second international joint conference, estuarine and coastal sciences association and estuarine reserach federation. Estuaries 21(4A), 505-506.

Ulanowicz, R.E., & Tuttle, J.H. (1992) The trophic consequences of oyster stock rehabililtation in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 15, 296-306.

Wagner, G.M. (1999) Expression of the estuarine species minimum in littoral fish assemblages of the lower Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Estuaries 22(2A), 304-312.

Walne, P.R. (l972) The influence of current speed, body size, and temperature on the filtration rate of five species of bivalves. Journal Marine Biological Association, U.K. 52, 345-374.

Ward, J.E., Sanford, L.P., Newell, R.I.E., & MacDonald, B.A. (1998) A new explanation of particle capture in suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs. Limnology & Oceanography 43(5), 741-752.

Weinstein, M.P., & Balletto, J.H. (1999) Does the common reed, Phragmites australis, affect essential fish habitat? Estuaries 22(3B), 793-802.

Wetzel, R.L & Hopkinson, Jr., C.S. (l990) Coastal ecosystem models and the Chesapeake Bay program: philosophy, background, and status. Perspectives on the Chesapeake Bay, 1990. Advances in Estuarine Sciences, (eds. M. Haire & E. C. Krome), pp 7-24. Chesapeake Research Consortium, Gloucester Point, Virginia.

Wetzel, R.L. & Penhale, P.A. (1983) Production ecology of seagrass communties in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Marine Technology Journal 17(2), 22-31.

Wharton, J. (l957) The Bounty of the Chesapeake. Fishing in Colonial Virginia. Published by the Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corp, Williamsburg, Virginia.

White, M.E., & Wilson, E.A. (1996) Predators, pests, and competitors. InThe Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. (eds.V. S. Kennedy, R.I.E. Newell, & A. F. Eble), pp. 559-579. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park, Maryland.

Wilson, A. (l929) The Conowingo hydro-electric development on the Susquehanna River. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 93, 970-978.

Wright, L.D., Boon, J.D., Xu, J.P., & Kim, S.C. (1992) The boundary layer of the bay stem plains environment of lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 35, 17-36.

2020 Panel (l988) Population growth and development in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to the year 2020. Report of the Year 2020 Panel to the Chesapeake Executive Council, December.

Chapter 6 Ackerman, R. E. (1988) Settlements and sea mammal hunting in the Bering-Chukchi Sea region. Arctic

Anthropology 25(1), 52-79. Ackerman, R. E. (1992) Earliest stone industries on the North Pacific coast of North America. Arctic

Anthropology 29(2), 18-27. Anderson, D. D. (1984) Prehistory of North Alaska. In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 5 – Arctic.

(ed. D. Damas), pp. 80-93. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Arutiunov, S. A., & Fitzhugh, W. W. (1988) Prehistory of Siberia and the Bering Sea. In Crossroads of

Continents. Cultures of Siberia and Alaska. (eds. W.W. Fitzhugh & A. Crowell), pp. 117-129. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Benson, A.J., & Trites, A.W. (2002) Ecological effects of regime shifts in the Bering Sea and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Fish and Fisheries 3: 95-113.

Bockstoce, J. R. (1976) On the development of whaling in the western Thule culture. Folk 18, 41-45. Breen, P.A., Hilborn, R., Maunder, M.N., & Kim, S.W. (2003) Effects of alternative control rules on the

conflict between a fishery and a threatened sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science 60(5), 527-541.

Dietz, R., Nørgaard, J., & Hansen, J.C. (l998) Have Arctic marine mammals adapted to high cadmium levels? Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(16), 490-492.

Dumond, D. E., & Bland, R. L. (1995) Holocene prehistory of the northernmost North Pacific. Journal of World Prehistory 9(4), 401-451.

Easton, A. N. (1992) Mal de mer above Terra Incognita, or, “What ails the coastal migration theory?” Arctic Anthropology 29(2), 28-41.

Fay, F.H. (1957) History and present status of the Pacific walrus population. Transactions of the Twenty-Second North American Wildlife Conference. Pp. 431-445. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C.

Fritz, L.W., Ferrero, R.C., & Berg, R.J. (1995) The threatened status of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, under the endangered species act: effects on Alaskan groundfish fisheries management. Marine Fisheries Review 57, 14-27.

Gibson, J.R. (1982) Vitus Bering (1681-1741). Arctic 35(3), 438-439. Gloersen, P., & Campbell, W.J. (1991) Recent variations in Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice covers. Nature 352:

33-36. Grebmeier, J.M. (1993) Studies of pelagic-benthic coupling extended onto the Soviet continental shelf in

the northern Bering and Chukchi seas. Continental Shelf Research 13 (5-6), 653-668. Gruber, A.D., Peters, M., Knieriem, A., & Wohlsein, P. (2002) Atherosclerosis with multifocal myocardial

infarction in a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33 (2), 139-144.

Hare, S.R., & Mantua, N.J. (2000) Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Progress in Oceanography 47 (2-4), 103-146.

Hare, S.R., Mantua, N.J., & Francis, R.C. (1999) Inverse production regimes: Alaska and west coast Pacific salmon. Fisheries 24(1), 6-15.

Huntington, H.P., Nattlin, R.H., Reynolds, J.E. III, & Pungowiyi, C. (2000) Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic, pp. 1-98 Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, Maryland.

Jensen, J., Adaare, K. & Shearer, R., eds. (1997) Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, Canada.

Kastelein, R.A., Klasen, W.J.C., Postma, J., Boer, H., & Wiepkema, P.R. (2003) Food consumption, growth and food passage times in a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) pups at Harderwijk Marine Mammal Park. International Zoo Yearbook 38: 192-203.

Kastelein, R.A., Muller, M. & Terlouw, A. (1994) Oral suction of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus Divergens) in air and under water. Z. Saugetierkunde 59, 105-115.

Krajak, K. 2001. Arctic life, on thin ice. Science. 291, 424-425. Krupnik, I.I. (1987) The bowhead whale vs. the gray whale in Chukotkan aboriginal whaling. Arctic 40 (1):

16-32. Krupnik, I.I. (2000) Native perspectives on climate and sea-ice changes. Pp. 25-39 in Impacts of Changes in

Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic (H.P. Huntington, ed.). Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

Krupnik, I., & Jolly, D. (2002) The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Larsen, H., & Rainey, F. G. (1948) Ipiutak and the Arctic Whale hunting culture. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 42. American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Lentfer, J.W. ed. (1988). Selected Marine Mammals of Alaska. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

Livingston, P.A., Low, L.-L., & Marasco, R.J. (1999) Eastern Bering Sea ecosystem trends. In Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management (eds K. Sherman & Q. Tang), pp. 140-162. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

Loughlin, T.R., & Miller, R.V. (1989 Marine mammals. In Fisheries: Harvesting Life from Water (F.G. Johnson & R.R., Stickney, eds), pp. 261-296. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.

Loughlin, T.R., & York, A.E. (2000) An accounting of the sources of Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, mortality. Marine Fisheries Review. 62 (4): 40-45.

Macklin, S.A., ed. (1999) Report on the FOCI International Workshop on Recent Conditions in the Bering Sea. NOAA ERL Special Report, Contribution 2044 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory & Contribution B358 from Fisheries-Oceanography Corodinated Investigations.

Mantua, N.J., Hare, S.R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M., & Francis, R.C. (1997) A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78 (6): 1069-1079.

McCartney, A. P., Okada, H., Okada, A. , & Workman, W. B., eds. (1998) North Pacific and Bering Sea maritime societies. The archaeology of prehistoric and early historic coastal people. Arctic Anthropology (Special Issue) 35(1), 1-276.

Miller, E.H. (1985) Airborne acoustic communication in the walrus Odobenus rosmarus). National Geographic Research 1(1), 124-145.

Moore, S.E., Waite, J.M., Friday, N.A., & Honkalehto (2002) Cetacean distribution and relative abundance on the central-eastern and the southeastern Bering Sea shelf with reference to oceanographic domains. Progress in Oceanography 55: 249-261.

Napp, M.N., & Hunt, G.L. Jr. (2001) Anomalous conditions in the south-eastern Bering Sea 1977; linkages among climate, weather, ocean, and biology. Fisheries Oceanography 10 (1): 61-68.

Noongwook, G. (2000) Native observations of local climate changes around St. Lawrence Island. In Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic (H.P. Huntington, ed.), pp. 21-24. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

NRC (2002) Decline of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaskan Waters: Untangling Food Webs and Fishing Nets. Ocean Studies Board, Committee on the Alaskan Groundfish Fishery and Steller Sea Lions. National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

Pitcher, K. W., & Calkins, D. G. (1981) Reproductive biology of Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska. Journal Mammalogy 62, 599-605.

Pungowiyi, C. (2000) Native observations of change in the marine environment of the Bering Strait region. In Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic (H.P. Huntington, ed.), pp. 18-20. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

Ray, G.C. (1979) Learning the ways of the walrus. National Geographic 156(4): 564-580. Ray, G.C. (1981) The Pacific walrus. In Problems of Management of Locally Abundant Wild Animals., (eds.

P.A. Jewell, S. Holt, & D. Hart), pp. 303-315. Academic Press, New York. Ray, G.C., and D. Wartzok (1980) Remote Sensing of Marine Mammals of Beringia. Results of BESMEX: the

Bering Sea Marine Mammal Experiment Final Report under NASA Contract NAS2-9300, pp. 1-77.

Read, A.J., & Wade, P.R. (1999) Status of marine mammals in the United States. Conservation Biology 14 (4): 929-940.

Simpson, J.J., Hufford, G.L., Fleming, M.D., Berg, J.S., & Ashton, J.B. (2002) Long-term climate patterns in Alaskan surface temperatuire and precipitation and their biological consequences. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40 (5): 1164-1184.

Smith, J., Stone, R., & Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, J. (2002) Trouble in polar paradise (Series of News and Reviews on climate change, sea ice, seabirds, etc.) Science 297: 1489-1514.

Springer, A.M., & McRoy, C.P. (1993) The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea — III. Patterns of primary production. Continental Shelf Research 13 (5-6): 575-599.

Talbot, S., Jackson, J., Berthiaume, D., & Jay, C. (2003) Genetic analysis of Pacific walrus. In U.S. Department of the Interior, Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Report MMM 03-1, pp. 1-10.

Taylor, B.L., Wade, P.R., De Master, D.P., & Barlow, J. (2000) Incorporating uncertainty intio management models for marine mammals. Conservation Biology 14 (5): 1243-1252.

Turner, C. G. II (1988) Ancient peoples of the north Pacific rim. In Crossroads of Continents. Cultures of Siberia and Alaska. (eds. W.W. Fitzhugh & A. Crowell), pp. 111-116. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

USFWS (1994) Conservation Plan for the Pacific Walrus in Alaska. U.S. Department of the Interior, Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Anchorage Alaska.

USFWS (2003) Proceedings of a Workshop on the Potential Application of Mark-Recapture Methods to Estimate the Size and Trend of the Pacific Walrus Population. U.S. Department of the Interior, Marine Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Report MMM 03-1, pp. 1-33.

Wade, P.R. (1998) Calculating limits to the allowable human-caused mortality of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Marine Mammal Science 14(1), 1-37.

Wade, P.R., & Angliss (1996) Guidelines for Assessing Marine Mammal Stocks: Report of the GAMMS Workshop, April 3-5, 1996, Seattle, Washington. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-12, pp 1-93.

Wartzok, D., & Ray, G.C. (1980) The hauling-out behavior of the Pacific walrus. U.S. Dept. Commerce, National Technical Information Service PB80-192578. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.

Weeden, R. B. (1985) Northern people, northern resources, and the dynamics of carrying capacity. Arctic 38 (2), 116-120.

Winship, A.J., & Trites, A.W. (2002) Prey consumption of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) off Alaska: how much prey do they require? Fisheries Bulletin 101: 147-167.

Chapter 7

Albury, P. (1975) The Story of The Bahamas. Macmillan Education, London. Beck, B.F. (l984) Sinkholes: Their Geology, Engineering and Environmental Impact. Proceedings of the First

Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes. Orlando, Florida, 15-17 Oct. (ed. B F. Beck), pp. ix-x. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Bellwood, D.R., & Hughes, T.P. (2001) Regional-scale assembly rules and biodiversity of coral reefs. Science 292, 1532-1534. Comment by: Knowlton, N. (2001) Coral reef biodiversity — habitat size matters. Science 292, 1493, 1495.

Binkley, C., & Sandler, L. (1998) Offshore bet on a Bahamian bay. South Africa’s Trump is rebuilding Atlantis.Wall Street Journal 232 (1), 1.

Birkeland, C. (1997) Symbiosis, fisheries and economic development on coral reefs. TREE 12 (9), 364-367. Bolden, S.K. (2000) Long-distance movement of Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) to a spawning

aggregation in the central Bahamas. Fisheries Bulletin 98, 642-645. Brower, K. (1974) With Their Islands Around Them. Rinehart and Winston, New York. Carew-Reid, J. (l990) Conservation and protected areas on south-Pacific islands: The importance of

tradition. Environmental Conservation 17(1), 29-38. Carlozzi, C.A., & Carlozzi, A.A. (l968) Conservation and Caribbean Regional Progress. The Antioch Press, St.

Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Chenoweth, M. (1998) The early 19th century climate of the Bahamas and a comparison with 20th century

averages. Climate Change 40, 577-603. Chisholm, J.R.M., & Kelley, R. (2001) Worms start the reef-building process. Nature 409, 152. Cohen, D.M. & Robins, C.R. (1970) A new ophidioid fish (Genus Lucifuga) from a limestone sink, New

Providence Island, Bahamas. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83(11), 133-144. Dahlgren, C.P. (1998) Population dynamics of early juvenile Nassau grouper: an integrated modeling and

field study. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland. Dahlgren, C.P. (2002) Marine protected areas in the Bahamas. Bahamas Journal of Science 9(2), 41-49. Dahlgren, C.P., & Eggleston, D.B. (2001) Spatio-temporal variability in abundance, size and microhabityat

variations of early juvenile Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, in an off-reef nursery system. Marine Ecology Progress series 217, 145-156.

DuBois, R.. 1985. Coastal Fisheries Management. Lessons Learned From The Caribbean. In Coasts. Coastal Resources Managment: Development Case Studies. Coastal Publication 3. (ed. J. R. Clark), pp. 291-370. Renewable Resources Information Series, Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

DuBois, R., & Towle, E.L. (1985) Coral harvesting and sand mining management Practices. In Coasts. Coastal Resources Managment: Development Case Studies. Coastal Publication 3. (ed. J. R. Clark), Pp. 203-289. Renewable Resources Information Series, Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

Dunstan, P. (1999) Coral reefs under stress: sources of mortality in the Florida Keys. Natural Resources Forum 23, 147-155.

Edinger, E.N., Jompa, J., Limmon, G.V., & Risk, M.J. (1998) Reef degradation and coral biodiversity in Indonesia: effects of land-based pollution, destructive fishing practices and changes over time. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(8), 617-630.

Eggleston, D.B., Lipcius, R.N., & Grover, J.J. (1997) Predator and shelter size effects on coral reef fish and spiny lobster prey. Marine Ecology Progress Series 149, 43-59.

Feldheim, K.A., & Edrén, M.C. (2002) Impacts of dredging on marine communities — the Bimini lemon shark. Bahamas Journal of Science 9 (2), 28-36.

Grotzinger, J.P., & Knoll, A.H. (1999) Stromatolites in Precambrian carbonates: evolutionary mileposts or environmental dipsticks? Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27, 313-358.

Gruber, S.H., & Parks, W. (2002) Mega-resort development on Bimini: sound economics or environmental disaster? Bahamas Journal of Science 9(2), 2-18.

Gruber, S.H., Grant, A.T., & Newman, S. (2002) Effects of large scale seafloor excavation in Bimini. Bahamas Journal of Science 9(2), 36-40.

Lutz, P.L., Musick, J.A., & Wyneken, J., eds (2002) The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Lutz, S., Broad, K., Talaue-McManus, L., Sanchirico, J., & Stoffle, R. (2002) Human dimensions of marine reserve policy — applications in Bimini. Bahamas Journal of Science 9(2), 50-57.

Meyer, J.L., & Shhultz, E.T. (1985) Migrating haemulid fishes as a source of nutrients and organic matter on coral reefs. Limnology & Oceanography 30(1), 146-156.

Müller-Karger, F.E., McClain, C.R., Fisher, T.R., Esaias, W.E., & Varela, R. (1989) Pigment distribution in the Caribbean Sea: observations from space. Progress in Oceanography 23, 23-64.

Newman, S.P., & Gruber, S.H. (2002) Mangrove and seagrass fish and macroinvertebrate communities in Bimini. Bahamas Journal of Science 9(2), 19-27.

Nunn, P.D. (1994) Oceanic Islands. Blackwell, Oxford, U.K. Paulay, G. (1994) Biodiversity on oceanic islnds: its origin and extinction. American Zoologist 34, 134-144. Rawlins, B.G., Ferguson, A.J., Chilton, P.J., Arthurton, R.S., & Rees, J.G. (1998) Review of agricultural

pollution in the Caribbean with particular emphasis on Small Island Developing States. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(9), 658-668.

Ray, C. ed. (1958) Report of the Exuma Cays Park Project. Results of a survey made 19-28 January 1958 under the auspices of the New York Zoological Society and the Conservation Foundation. Submitted to the Government of The Bahamas May 1958, Plates 1-7. Revised 1961 by the Bahamas National Trust.

Sala, E., Ballesteros, E., & Starr, R.M. (2001) Rapid decline of Nassau grouper spawning aggregations in Belize: fishery management and conservation needs. Fisheries 26(10): 23-30.

Spalding, M.D., Ravilious, C., & Green, E.P. (2001)World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London.

Stoner, A.W., Mehta, N., & Ray-Culp, M. (1998) Mesoscale distribution patterns of queen conch (Strombus gigas Linné) in Exuma Sound, Bahamas: links in recruitment from larvae to fishery yields. Journal of Shellfish Research 17, 955-969.

Wade, B.A. (1996) The Challenges of Ship-generated Garbage in the Caribbean. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. (eds. J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp. 229-237. Springer Verlag, New York.

Watson, M., Righton, D., Austin, T, & Ormond, R. (1996) The effects of fishing on coral ref fish abundance and diversity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 76, 229-233.

Westermann, J.H. (1952) Conservation in the Caribbean: A Review of Literature on the Destuction and Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources in the Caribbean Area, with Reference to the Population Problem. Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles, Utrecht No. 7, 1-121.

Chapter 8

Acharya, A. (l995) Small islands. Awash in a sea of troubles. World Watch Nov./Dec., 24-33. Allan, R.J. (1990) Estuarine and coastal water contamination, an issue for the 1990s. The Science of the Total

Environment 97/98, 1-5. Anderson, D.M., Hoagland, P., & Kaoru, Y. (2000) Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal

blooms (HABS) in the United States. Technical Report WHOI-2000-11. NOAA Sea Grant, Woods Hole.

Bailey, K.M., Quinn II, T.J., Bentzen, P. & Grant, W.S. (2000) Population structure and dynamics of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. In Advances in Marine Biology Volume 37, (eds. A.J. Southward, P.A. Tyler, & C.M. Young), pp. 180-255. Academic Press, San Diego.

Baraff, L.S., & Loughlin, T.R. (2000) Trends and potential intractions between pinnipeds and fisheries of New England and the U.S. west coast. Marine Fisheries Review 62(4), 1-39.

Blaber, S.J.M., Cyrus, D.P., Albaret, J.-J., Ching, C.V., Day, J.W., Elliott, M., Fonseca, M.S., Hoss, D.E., Orensanz, J., Potter, I.C., & Silvert, W. (2000). Effects of fishing on the structure and functioning of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 590-602.

Black, D.E., Peterson, L.C., Overpeck, J.T., Kaplan, A., Evans, M.N., & Kashgarian, M. (1999) Eight centuries of North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere variability. Science 286, 1709-1713.

Birkeland, C. (1997) Symbiosis, fisheries, and economic development on coral reefs. TREE 12(9), 364-366. Cabanes, C., Cazenave, A., & Le Provost, C. (2001) Sea level rise during past 40 years determined from

satellite and in situ observations. Science 294, 840-842. Comment by: Church, J.A. (2001) How fast are sea levels rising? Science 242, 802-803.

Caddy, J.F. (2000) Marine catchment basin efects versus impacts of fisheries on semi-enclosed seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 628-640.

Cale, W.G., Henebry, G.M., & Yeakley, J.A. (1989) Inferring process from pattern in natural communities. BioScience 39(9), 600-605.

Calow, P. (1985) Adaptive aspects of energy allocation. In Fish Energetics. New Perspectives (ed. P. Tyler & P. Calow), pp. 13-31. Croom Helm, London & Sidney.

Campbell, D.G., Lowell, K.S., & Lightbourn, M. (1991) The effect of introduced hutias (Geocapromys ingrahami) on the woody vegetation of Little Wax Cay, Bahamas. Conservation Biology 5(4), 536-541.

Carlton, J.T. (1992) Introduced marine and estuarine mollusks of North America: an end-of-the-20th-century perspective. Journal of Shellfish Research 11(2), 489-505.

Carlton, J.T. (l993) Neoextinctions of marine invertebrates. American Zoologist 33, 499-509. Carlton, J.T. (1999) The scale and ecological consequences of biological invasions in the World’s oceans. In

Invasive species and Biodiversity Management, (eds., O.T. Sandhurd, P.J. Schei, & Å. Viken), pp. 195-212. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, Boston.

Carlton, J.T., & Mann R. (l996) Transfers and world-wide introductions. In The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica (eds. Kennedy, V. S., Newell, R.I.E., & Eble, A. F.), pp. 691-706. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park, Maryland.

Carr, H.A,. & Harris, J. (l996) Ghost-fishing gear: have fishing practices during the past few years reduced the impact? In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, and Solutions (eds. J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp 141-151. Springer Verlag, New York.

Carter, L.J. (1970) Galveston Bay: text case of an estuary in crisis. Science 167, 1102-1108. Chambers, R.M., Fourqurean, J.W., Macko, S.A., & Hoppenot, R. (2001) Biogeochemical effects of iron

availability on primary producers in a shallow marine carbonate environment. Limnology & Oceanography 46(6), 1261-1277.

Chavez, F.P., Ryan, J., Lluch-Cota, S.E., & Ñiquen C., M. (2003) From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacicfic Ocean. Science 299, 217-221.

Cloern, J.E. (2001) Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210, 223-253.

Costanza, R., d'Arge, R, de Groot, R. Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S. , O'Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., & van den Belt, M. (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260.

Cronin, L.E. (l986) Fisheries and resource stress in the 19th Century. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 76(3), 188-198.

Daily, G., Dasgupta, P., Bolin, B., Crosson, P., du Guerny, J., Ehrlich, P., Folke, C., Jansson, A.M., Jansson, B-O., Kautsky, N., Kinzig, A., Levin, S., Mäler, K-G., Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Siniscalco, D., Walker,. B. (1998) Food production, population growth, and the environment. Science 281,1291-1292.

Dayton, P.K. (l998) Reversal of the burden of proof in fisheries management. Science, 279, 821-823. Dean, T.A., & Jewett, S.C. (2001) Habitat-specific recovery of shallow subtidal communities following the

Exxon Valdez oil spill. Ecological Applications 11(5), 1456-1471. Di Castri, F., & Hansen, A.J. (1992) The environment and development crises as determinants of

landscape dynamics. In Landscape Boundaries, (eds. E.J. Hansen & F. di Castri), pp. 3-18. Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin.

Dill, W.A., & Cordone, A.J. (l997) History and Status of Introduced Fishes in California, l871-1996. State of California, Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin 178. Sacramento, Calif.

Dolan, R., & Hayden, B. (1974) Adjusting to nature in our national seashores. The National Parks & Conservation Magazine 48(6), 9-13.

Dolan, R., & Lins, H. (1987) Beaches and barrier islands. Scientific American 257(1), 68-77. DuBois, R. & Towle, E.L. (1985) Coral harvesting and sand mining management practices. In Coasts.

Coastal Resources Management: Development Case Studies. Coastal Publication No. 3. Renewable Resources Information Series, (ed. J. R. Clark), pp. 203-289. Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

Dynesius, M., & Nilsson, C. (1994) Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northen third of the world. Science 266, 753-762.

Dzurek, D.J. (l994) Southeast Asian offshore oil disputes. In Ocean Yearbook 11. (eds. E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 157-178. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Elder, D.L., & Fowler, S.W. (1977) Polychlorinated biphenyls: Penetration into the deep ocean by zoopolankton fecal pellet transport. Science 197(4302), 459-460.

Endo, T., Hotta, Y. Haraguchi, K., & Sakata, M. (2003) Mercury Contamination in the red meat of whales and dolphins marketed for human consumption in Japan. Environmental Science & Technology 37(12), 2681 -2685.

Falkenmark, M.W., Klohn, J., Lundqvist, S., Postel, J., Rockström, D., Seckler, H., Shuval, J. Wallace. (1998) Water scarcity as a key factor behind global food insecurity: round table discussion. Ambio 27(2),148-152.

Falkenmark, M., Klohn, W., Lundqvist, J., Postel, S., Rockström, J., Seckler, D., Shuval, H., & Wallace, J. (1998) Water scarcity as a key factor behind global food insecurity: Round table discussion. Ambio 27(2), 148-152.

Feder, H.M., & Blanchard, A. (l998) The deep benthos of Prince William Sound Alaska, 16 months after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(2), 118-130.

Fluharty, D. (2000) Habitat protection, ecological issues, and implementation of the sustainable fisheries act. Ecological Applications 10(2), 325-337.

Folke, C., Kautsky, N., & Troell, M. (1994) The costs of eutrophication from salmon farming: implications for policy. Journal of Environmental Management 40, 173-182.

Ford, J., & Vlasova, T. (1996) Airborane contaminants in vegetation of Arctic Alaska and Russia. In Bridges of Science between North America and the Russian Far East (eds., R. Meehan, V. Sergienko, & G. Weller), pp. 159-168. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Arctic Division, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Fox, G.A. (l995) Tinkering with the tinkerer: pollution versus evolution. Environmental Health Perspectives 103(supplement 4), 93-100.

Friedl, G., & Wüest, A. (2002) Disrupting biogeochemical cycles — consequences of damming. Aquatic Sciences 64(1), 55-65.

Furey, A., Moroney, C., Magdalena, A. B., Fidalgo Saez, M. J., Lehane, M., & James, K. J. (2003) Geographical, temporal, and species variation of the polyether toxins, azaspiracids, in shellfish. Environmental Science & Technology 37 (14), 3078 -3084.

Gable, F.J. (l996) The Black Sea: an environmental and ecological profile with a view towards UNCED. Abstract in Our Coastal Seas. What is their Future (eds. A. Brooks, W. Bell, & J. Greer,) p. 76. Maryland Sea Grant Publication, College Park.

Gable, F.J., Gentile, J.H., & Aubrey, D.G. (1990) Global climatic issues in the coastal wider Caribbean region. Environmental Conservation 17(1), 51-60.

Gallagher, R., & Carpenter, B. (1977) Human dominated ecosystems (Editorial, news, and papers on high-seas extinction, fisheries "no-take" reserves, coral reefs, human domination of Earth's ecosystems, fisheries management, etc.) Science 277, 485-525.

Garrison, V.H., Shinn, E.A., Foreman, W.T., Griffin, D.W., Holmes, C.W., Kellogg, C.A., Majewski, M.S., Richardson, L.L., Ritchie, K.B., & Smith, G.W. (2003) African and Asian dust: from desert soils to coral reefs. BioScience 53(5), 469-479.

GBP 1990. The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change. Global Change Report,12. ICSU, Paris, France.

Geraci, J.R., & St. Aubin, D.J. eds. (1990) Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego.

Gershunov, A., & Barnett, T. P. (1998) Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(12), 2715-2725.

Gowen, R.J., & Bradbury, N.B. (1987) The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters: a review. Oceanography Marine Biology Annual Review 25, 563-575.

Grattan, L.M., Oldach, D., & Morris, J.G. (2001) Human health risks of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida. BioScience 51(10), 853-857.

Hanson, A.J. (1988) Coastal and ocean resource management: the Vietnam case. In Ocean Yearbook 7 (eds. E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 241-262. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Harding, K. C., & Härkönen, T.J. (1999) Development in the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) populations during the 20th century. Ambio 28(7), 619-627.

Harding, L.W., & Phillips, Jr., J.H. (1978) Polychlorinated biphenyls: transfer from microparticulates to marine phytoplankton and the effects on photosynthesis Science 202, 1189-1190.

Hedgpeth, J.W. (1993) Foreign invaders. Science 261, 34-35 Helmuth, B., Harley, C.D.G., Halpin, P.M., O'Donnell, M., Hofmann, G.E., & Blanchette, C.A. (2002)

Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science 298, 1015-1017. Herbold, B., & Moyle, P.B. (1986) Notes and comments: Introduced species and vacant niches. American

Scientist 128(5), 751-760. Hinrichsen, D. (l996) Coasts in crisis. Issues in Science and Technology 12(4), 39-47. Hopkinson, C.S, Jr. & Vallino, J.J. (l995) The relationships among man’s activities in watersheds and

estuaries: a model of runoff effects on patterns of estuarine community metabolism. Estuaries 18(4), 598-621.

Houde, E.D., & Rutherford, E.S. (1993) Recent trends in estuarine fisheries: predictions of fish production and yield. Estuaries 16(2), 161-176

Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J., & Ephraims, J.J. (1990) Climate Change: the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Final report of Working Group I, IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Howarth, R.W. (1991) Comparative responses of aquatic ecosystems to toxic chemical stress. InComparative Analyses of Ecosystems (eds. J.Cole, G. Lovett, S. Findlay, & J. C. Morgan) pp. 169-195. Springer-Verlag, New York.

IGBP 1990. The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change. Global Change Report,12. ICSU, Paris, France.

Ikalainen, A.J., & Allen, D.C. (1989) New Bedford Harbor superfund project. In Contaminated Marine Sediments --Assessment and Remediation. Committee on Contaminated Sediments, Marine Board, National Research Council, pp. 312-350. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Jackson, J.B.C. (1997) Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16 Supplement, S23-S32. Jackson, J.B.C. (2001) What was natural in the coastal oceans? Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences

98(10), 5411-5418. Jackson, R.B., Carpenter, S.R., Dahm, C.N., McKnight, D.M., Naiman, R.J., Postel, S.L., & Running, S.W.

(2001) Water in a changing world. Ecological Applications 11(4), 1027-1045. Jansson, B-O., & Dahlberg, K. (1999) The environmental status of the Baltic Sea in the 1940s, today, and in

the Future. Ambio 28(4), 312-319. Jansson, B-O., Dahlberg, K., Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., & Cole, B.E. (2002) Annual primary production:

patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem. Limnology & Oceanography 47(3), 698-712.

Jauniaux, T., Charlier, G., Desmecht, M, & Coignoul, F. (1998) Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast, Veterinary Record 143, 423-424.

Jickells, T.D., Carpenter, R., & Liss, P.S. (1990) Marine enviornment. In The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Local and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years (eds., Turner, B.L., II, Clark, W.C., Kates, R.W., Richards, J.F., Mathews, J.T., & Meyer, W.B.), pp. 314-334. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Kaiser, K.L.E., Lum, K.R., Comba, M.E., & Palabrica, V.S. (1990) Organic trace contaminants in St. Lawrence River water and suspended sediments, 1985-1987. The Science of the Total Environment 97/98, 23-40.

Kenney, R.D., Payne, P.M., Heinemann, D.W., & Winn, H.E. (1996) Shifts in northwest shelf cetacean distributions relative to trends in Gulf of Maine/Georges bank finfish abundance. InThe Northeast Shelf Ecosystem, (eds. K. Sherman, N.A. Jaworski, & T. J. Smayda), pp. 169-196. Blackwell Science, Cambridge.

Kennish, M.J. (l997) Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Kennish, M.J. (l998) Pollution Impacts on the Marine Biotic Communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Keppelman, L.E., Weyl, P.K., Gross, M.G., & Davies, D.S. (1976) The Urban Sea: Long Island Sound.

Praeger Special Studies, Praeger, New York. Kerr, R.A. (1998) The next oil crisis looms large — and perhaps close. Science 281, 1128-1129. Kideys, A.E. (2002) Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem. Science 297, 1482-1484. Kirkley, J., & McConnell, K.E. (l996) Marine debris: benefits, costs, and choices. In Marine Debris. Sources,

Impacts, and Solutions. (eds. J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers,), pp. 171-185. Springer Verlag, New York. Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.T., Barber, L.B., & Buxton, H.T. (2002)

Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environmental Science & Technology 36(6), 1202-1211.

Kremling, K. & Wilhelm, G. (l998) Recent increase of the calcium concentrations in Baltic Sea waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(10), 763-767.

Lei, X. (1998) Going against the flow in China. Science 280, 24-26. Lenes, J.M., Darrow, B.P., Cattrall, C., Heil, C.A., Callahan, M., Vargo, G.A., Byre, R.H., Prospero, J.M.,

Bates, D.E., Fanning, K.A., & Walsh, J.J. (2001) Iron fertilization and theTrichodesmium response on the West Florida shelf. Limnology & Oceanography 46(6), 1261-1277.

Levin, S.A., & Kimball, K.D., eds. (1984) New perspectives in ecotoxicology. Environmental Management 8(5), 375-442.

Liffmann, M. & Boogaerts, L.. (1996) Linkages between land-based sources of pollution and marine debris. In Marine Debris. Sources, Impacts, And Solutions. (eds. J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers), pp 359-366. Springer Verlag, New York.

Linley-Admans, G. (1999). The accumulation and impact of organotins on marine mammals, seabirds, and fish for human consumption. WWF-UK Project No. 98054. A report for WWF-UK.

Livingston, P.A., Low, L-L., & Marasco, R.J. (1999) Eastern Bering Sea ecosystem trends. In Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management (eds. K. Sherman & O.

Tang), pp. 140-162. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K. Lubina, J.A., & Levin, S.A. (1988) The spread of a reinvading species: range expansion in the California

sea otter. American Naturalist 131(4), 526-543. Magnuson, J.J., C. Safina, & Sissenwine, M.P. (2001) Whose fish are they anyway? Science 293, 1267-1268. Mahmud, S. (l985) Impacts of river flow changes on coastal ecosystems. In Coasts. Coastal Resources

Managment: Development Case Studies. Coastal Publication 3. (ed. J R. Clark), pp. 511-586. Renewable Resources Information Series, Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

Martin, S., & Campbell, W.J. (1974) Oil spills, in the Artic Ocean: extent of spreading and possibility of large-scale thermal effects. Science 186, 843-846.

Maxted, J.R., Weisberg, S.B., & Chaillou, J.C. (1997) The ecological condition of dead-end canals of the Delaware and Maryland coastal bays. Estuaries 20(2), 319-327.

McHugh, J.L. (l962) Living Marine Resources. The Virginia Journal of Science 13, (new Series 3), 144-154. McHugh, J.L. (1972) Jeffersonian democracy and the fisheries. InWorld Fisheries Policy, (ed. B. J.

Rothschild), pp. 134-155. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle. McHugh, J.L. (1984) Fishery Management. Springer-Verlag, New York. McNeely, J.A. (2000) The future of alien invasive species: changing social views. In Invasive Species in a

Changing World, (eds H.A.Mooney & R.S. Hobbs), pp. 171-189. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Meade, R.H. (l980) Man’s influence on the discharge of fresh water, dissolved material and sediment by

rivers to the Atlantic coastal zone of the United States. In River Input to Ocean Systems. (eds., J.M.Martin, H.J.D. Burton, & D. Eisma), pp 13-15. UNESCO and UNEP, Paris.

Meiyue, Z., & Mulley, S. (l997) Farmers flock to coastal cities. People and the Planet 3(1),12-15. Myers, R.A., & Worm, B. (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423,

280-283. Micheli, F. (1999) Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumer-resource dynamics in marine pelagic

ecosystems. Science 285, 1396-1398. Morse, J.W., & Rowe, G.T. (1999) Benthic biogeochemistry beneath the Mississippi River plume. Estuaries

22(2A), 206-214. Mukang, H., Zhao, S. & Ge, L. (1988) China's coastal environment, utilization, and management. In Ocean

Yearbook 7 (eds. E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 223-240. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Musick, J.A. (1999) Criteria to define extinction risk in marine fishes. American Fisheries Society Initiative. Fisheries 24(12), 6-14.

Naturopa Environment Features (l989) "Valorga" — A revolution in treatment of household and industrial wastes? Environmental Conservation 16(1), 81-82.

Naylor, R.L., Goldbury, R.J., Mooney, H., Beveridge, M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Kautsky, N., Lubchenco, J., Primavera, J., & Williams, M. (1998) Nature’s subsides to shrimp and salmon farming. Science 282, 883-884.

Nehlsen, W., Williams, J.E., & Lichatowich, J.A. (1991) Pacific salmon at the cross roads. Stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington. Fisheries 16(2), 4-21.

Neil, D.T. (1998) Moreton Bay and its catchment: seascape and lendscape, development and degradation. In Moreton Bay and Catchment (eds I.R. Tibbetts, N.J. Hall, & W.C. Dennison), pp. 3-54. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Nixon, S.W. (1997) Prehistoric nutrient inputs and productivity in Narragansett Bay. Estuaries 20(2), 253-261.

NRC (l990) Monitoring Southern California's Coastal Waters. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

NRC (1992) Marine Aquaculture. Opportunities for Growth. Committee on Assessment of Technology and Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture in the United States. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

NRC (1994) Restoring and Protecting Marine Habitat. The Role of Engineering and Technology. Committee on the Role of Technology in Marine Habitat Protection and Enhancement. Marine Board.

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

OConnor, T. P. (l998) Comparative criteria: land application of sewage sludge and ocean disposal of dredged material. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(3), 181-184.

Okera, W. (l994) Will traditional African coastal fishermen survive — synopsis. Ambio 23(2), 168-169. O'Neill, R.V. (2001) Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (with full military honors, of course!).

Ecology 82(12), 3275-3284. Parsons, T.R. l991. Editorial: Impact of fish harvesting on ocean ecology. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22(5),

217. Peizhen, Z., Molnar, P., & Downs, W.R. (2001) Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago

due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates. Nature 410, 891-897. Pickett, S.T.A, &. White, P.S., eds (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic

Press, Orlando, Florida. Pimentel, D, Tort, M., D'Anna, L., Krawic, A., Berger, J., Rossman, J., Mugo, F., Doon, N., Shriberg, M.,

Howard, E., Lee, S., & Talbot, J. (1998) Ecology of increasing disease: population growth and environmental degradation. BioScience 48(10), 817-826.

Pimm, S.L. (1991)The Balance of Nature: Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.

Platt, A.E. (1995) Dying Seas. World Watch 8 (10), 10-19. Pollard, D.A., & Hutchings, P.A. (1990) A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian

region. II. Invertebrates and algae. Asian Fisheries Science 3, 223-250. Postel, S.L. (l998) Water for food production: will there be enough in 2025? Bioscience 48(8), 629-637. Rabalais, N.N. (1999) Changes in Mississippi River nutrient fluxes and consequences fo the north Gulf of

Mexico coastal ecosystem. LOICZ Newsletter13, 1-3. Raloff, J. (l998) Persistent pollutants face global ban. Science News. 154, 6. Ramseier, R.O. (1974) Oil on Ice. Environment 16(4), 7-14. Randall, J.E. (1972) Chemical pollution in the sea and the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).

Biotropica 4(3), 132-144. Rapport, D.J., H.A. Regier, & T.C. Hutchinson (1985) Ecosystem behavior under stress. American

Naturalist 125(5), 617-640. Ray, G.C. (1996) Coastal-marine discontinuities and synergisms: implications of biodiversity and

conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation (Special Issue) 5, 1095-1108. Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M. G., & Antcliffe, B. (2003) Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether

concentrations in the Columbia. Environmental Science & Technology 37(13), 2847 -2854. Reeves, R.R., Rolland, R., & Clapham, P.J., eds. (2001) Causes of Reproductive Failure in North Atlantic Right

Whales: New Avenues of Research. Report of a Workshop, 26-28 April 2000, Falmouth, Massachusetts. Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Reference Document 01-16.

Reise, K. (1982) Long-term changes in the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Wadden Sea: are polychaetes about to take over? Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 16, 29-36.

Reise, K., Herre, E., & Sturm, M. (1989) Historical changes in the benthos of the Wadden Sea around the Island of Sylt in the North Sea. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 43, 417-433.

Repetto, R. (1992) Accounting for environmental assets. Scientific American 266(6), 94-100. Richardson, L.L., Goldberg, W.M., Kuta, K. G., Aronson, R.B., Smith, G.W., Ritchie, K. B., Halas, J.C.,

Feingold, J.S., & Miller, S.L. (1998) Florida's mystery coral-killer identified. Nature 392, 557-558. Rozengurt, M.A., Herz, M.J., & Josselyn, M. (1985) The impact of water diversions on the river-delta-

estuary-sea ecosystems of San Francisco Bay and the Sea of Azov. In San Francisco Bay: Issues, Resources, Status, and Management. Proceedings of a Seminar, November 22, l985, Washington, D.C. NOAA Estuary of the Month Seminar Series 6. (ed. D. M. Goodrich), pp. 35-62. NOAA Estuarine Programs, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Rützler, K.,& Sterrer, W. (1970) Oil pollution. Damage observed in tropical communities along the Atlantic seaboard of Panama. BioScience 20(4), 222-224.

Sahagian, D.L., Schwartz, F.W., & Jacobs, D.K. (1994) Direct anthropogenic contributions to sea level rise in the twentieth century. Nature 367, 54-5.

Sander, F., & Tomascik, T. (1987) Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. III. Reproduction of the reef-building coral Porites porites. Marine Biology 94, 77-94.

Sanders, J.E. (l989) PCB Pollution in the Upper Hudson River. In Contaminated Marine Sediments --Assessment and Remediation. pp. 365-400. Committee on Contaminated Sediments, Marine Board, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washngton DC.

Scheffer, M., S. Carpenter, J.A. Foley, C. Folke, & Walker, B. (2001) Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413, 591-596.

Schneider, D. (1997) The rising seas. Scientific American 276 (3), 112-117. Shapiro, H.A. (1988) The landfilled coast of Japan's Inland Sea. In Ocean Yearbook 7 (eds. E. M. Borgese, N.

Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 294-316. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Shaw, D.G., Hogan, T.E., & McIntosh, D.J. (1985) Hydrocarbons in the sediments of Port Valdez, Alaska:

consequences of five years’ permitted discharge. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 21, 131-144. Sherman, K., & Alexander L.M., eds (1986) Variability and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems.

American Association for the Advancement of Science Press, Washington, D..C. Sherman, K., Alexander, L.M., & Gold, B.D. eds (1991) Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of

Large Marine Ecosystems. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford. Sherman, K., Alexander, L.M., & Gold, B.D., eds. (1990) Large Marine Ecosystems. Patterns, Processes and

Yields. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. Sherman, K., Alexander, L.M, & Gold, B.D., eds. (1993) Large Marine Ecosystems. Stress, Mitigation, and

Sustainability. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. Shorrocks, B., & Swingland, I.R. eds. (1990) Living in a Patchy Environment. Oxford University Press,

Oxford, U.K. Siddall, S.E., Atchue III, J.A., & Murray, Jr., R.L. (1985) Mariculture development in mangroves: a case

study of the Philippines, Ecuador and Panama. In Coasts. Coastal Resources Managment: Development Case Studies. Coastal Publication 3. Renewable Resources Information Series (ed. J. R. Clark), pp. 1-64. Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

Simenstad, C.A., & Fresh, K.L. (1995) Influence of intertidal aquaculture on benthic communities in Pacific northwest estuaries: scale of disturbance. Estuaries 18(1A), 43-70.

Simkiss, K., & Taylor, M.G. (1989) Metal fluxes across the membranes of aquatic organisms. Review in Aquatic Sciences 1(1), 173-188.

Smith, C.R., Austen, M.C., Boucher, G., Heip, C., Hutchings, P.A., King, G. M., Koike, I., Lambshead, P.J.D., & Snelgrove, P. (2000) Global change and biodiversity linkages across the sediment-water interface. BioScience 50 (12), 1108-1120.

Smith, J.N. (1972)The Decline of Galveston Bay. Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. Stenseth, N.C., Mysterud, A., Ottersen, G., Hurrell, J.W., Chan, K-S., & Lima, M. (2002) Ecological effects

of climate fluctuations. Science 297, 1292-1296. Stone, R. (2002) Caspian ecology teeters on the brink. Science 295, 430-433. Suchanek, T.H. (1993) Oil impacts on marine invertebrate populations and communities. American

Zoologist 33, 510-523. Suchanek, T.H. (1994) Temperate coastal marine communities: biodiversity and threats. American

Zoologist 34, 100-114. Tilman, D., May, R.M., Lehman, C.L., & Nowak, M.A. (1994) Habitat destruction and the extinction debt.

Nature 371, 65-66. Tomascik, T., & Sander, F. (1987) Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. I. Growth rate of the

reef-building coralMontastrea annularis. Marine Biology 87, 143-155. Tomascik, T., & Sander, F. (1987) Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. II. Structure of

scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Marine Biology 94, 53-75.

Travis, J. (1993) Invader threatens Black, Azov seas. Science 262, 1366-1367.

Turner, R.E. (1985) Coastal fisheries, agriculture and management in Indonesia: Case studies for the future. In Coasts. Coastal Resources Managment: Development Case Studies. Coastal Publication 3. Renewable Resources Information Series, (ed., Clark, J. R. ), pp. 373-440. Research Planning Institute, Columbia, South Carolina.

Turner, R.E. (1997) Wetland Loss in the northern Gulf of Mexico: multiple working hypotheses. Estuaries 20(1), 1-13.

Turner, R.E., & Rabalais, N.N. (1994) Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi River delta. Nature 368, 619-621.

UNEP (1990) The Health of the Oceans. United National Environmental Programme, UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies 115. UNEP, Geneva.

U.S. Congress Office of Technological Assessment (1987) Marine Minerals: Exploring Our New Ocean Frontier. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Vitousek, P.M., Aber, J.D. Howarth, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., Schindler, D.W., Schelesinger, W.H., & Tilman, D.G. (1997) Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecological Applications 7(3), 737-750.

Vitousek, P.M., D’Antonio, C.M., Loope, L.L., & Westbrooks, R. (1996) Biological invasions as global environmental change. American Scientist 84(5), 468-478.

Wagemann, R, Trebacz, E, Boila, G, & Lockhart, WL. (1998) Methylmercury and total mercury in tissues of arctic marine mammals. Science of the Total Environment 218(1), 19-31.

Walters, J.S. (1994) Coastal common property regimes in southeast Asia. In Ocean Yearbook 11 (eds. E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsbury, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 304-327. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Wang, Y. (1995) China. In Coastal Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues and Approaches. (eds K. Hotta & I.M. Dutton), pp 177-186. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.

Weichart, G. (1974) The North Sea. One of the most heavily polluted sea areas of the world. Environment 16(1), 29-33.

Westman, W.E. (1978) Measuring the inertia and resilience of ecosystems. BioScience 28(11), 705-710. Williams, N. (1998) The Mediterranean beckons to Europe’s Oceanographers. Meeting Briefs. Science 29,

483-484. Windom, H.L. (1975) Heavy metal fluxes through salt marsh estuaries. In Estuarine Research I. (ed. L.

Cronin), pp 137-152. Academic Press, New York. Wolanski, E., & Duke, N. (2000) The threat mud poses to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. LOICZ

Newsletter 14, 1-4. Woodsworth, G., & Vichet, P. (1995) Cambodia. In Coastal Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues and

Approaches. (eds. K. Hotta & I.M. Dutton), pp. 225-234. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.

World Wildlife Fund (1999) Persistent Organic Pollutants: Hand-me-down Poisons that Threaten Wildlife and People. Issue Brief, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.

Chapter 9

Barnett, T.P., Pierce, D.W., & Schnur, R. (2001) Detection of anthropogenic climate change in the world's

oceans. Science 292, 270-274. Barrett, G.W. & Odum, E.P. (2000) The twenty-first century: the world at carrying capacity. BioScience

50(4), 363-368. Batisse, M. (1986) Developing and focusing the biosphere reserve concept. Nature and Resources 23(3), 1-

10. Beck, M.W., Heck, K.L. Jr., Able, K.W., Childers, D.L., Eggleston, D.B., Gillanders, B.M., Halpern, B.,

Hays, C.G., Hoshino, K., Minello, T.J., Orth, R.J., Sheridan, P.F., &Weinstein, M.P. (2001) The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. BioScience 51(8), 633-641.

Belsky, M. H. (1984) Environmental policy law in the 1980s: shifting back the burden of proof. Ecology Law Quarterly 12(1), 1-88.

Belsky, M.H. (1989) The ecosystem model mandate for a comprehensive United States ocean policy and law of the sea. San Diego Law Review 26 (3), 417-495.

Blenckner, T., & Hillebrand, H. (2002) North Atlantic oscillation signatures in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems — a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 8, 203-212.

Borgese, E.M., & Saigal, K. (1996) Managerial implications of sustainable development in the ocean. In Ocean Yearbook 12 (eds., E. M. Borgese, N. Ginsburg, & J. R. Morgan), pp. 1-19. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Bormann, F.H. (1996) Ecology: a personal history. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 21, 1-29. Bridgewater, P.B. (1996) Proteched area management in the face of climate change. Parks 6(2), 4-13. Bridgewater, P.B. (2002) Biosphere reserves: special places for people and nature. Environmental Science &

Policy 5, 9-12. Bridgewater, P.B., & Press, T. (1998) Can science meet bureaucracy? In Ecology for Everyone:

Communicating Ecology to Scientists, the Public and the Politicians (eds R. Wills & R. Hobbs), pp. 16-19. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Canberra, Australia.

Broadus, J. M., & R. V. Vartanov (1994) The Oceans and Environmental Security: Shared U.S. and Russian Perspectives. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Caddy, J.F., ed (l989) Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: their Assessment and Management. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Chapin, F.S. III, Zavaleta, E.S., Eviner, V.T., Naylor, R.L. Vitousek, P.M., Reynolds, H.L., Hooper, D.U.,

Lavorel, S., Sala, O.E., Hobbie, S.E., Mack, M.C., & Diaz, S. (2000) Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405, 234-242.

Clark, C. (l973) The economics of overexploitation. Science 181, 630-635. Clark, C.W. (1977) Overcapitalizataion in commercial fisheries: symptoms, causes, and cures.

Environmental Biology of Fish 2(1), 3-5. Clark, C.W. (l991) Economic biases against sustainable development. In Ecological Economics. The Science

and Management of Sustainability (ed. R. Costanza), pp. 319-354. Columbia University Press, New York.

Collins, J.P., Kinzig, A., Grimm, N.B., Fagan, W.F., Hope, D., Wu, J., & Borer, E.T. (2000) A new urban ecology. American Scientist 88, 416-425

Conover, D.O. & Munch, S.B. (2002) Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science 297, 94-96. Comment by: Malakoff, D. (2002) Mixed schools a must for fish? Science 297, 31, 33.

Cortner, H.J. (2000) Making science relevant to environmental policy. Environmental Science and Policy 3(1), 21-30.

Costanza, R., Daly, H.E.< & Bartholomew, J.A. (l99l) Goals, agenda, and policy recommendations for ecological economics. In Ecological Economics. The Science and Management of Sustainability (ed R. Costanza), p. 1-20. Columbia University Press, New York.

Costanza, R., Cumberland, J., Daly, H., Goodland, R., & Norgaard, R. (l997) An Introduction to Ecological Economics. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Cronon, W. (1983) Changes in the Land. Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Hill & Wang, New York.

Crosby, M.P., Geenan, K., Laffoley, D., Mondor, C., & O'Sullivan, G. (1997) Proceedings Second International Symposium and Workshop on Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: Integrating Science and Management. National Oceanographic and Oceanic Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Curry-Lindahl, K. (l978) Review: World Wildlife Fund Conservation Programme, l977-1978. Environmental Conservation 5(3), 240.

Daily, G. C., ed. (2000) Nature’s Services. Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington D.C.

Daily, G. C. (2000) Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services. Environmental Science & Policy 3, 333-339.

Daily, G.C., & Ehrlich, P.R. (1996) Socioeconomic equity, sustainability, and Earth’s carrying capacity. Ecological Applications 6(4), 991-1001.

Daily, G.C., Söderqvist, T., Aniyar, S., Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Ehrlich, P.R. Folke, C., Jansson, AM., Jansson, B-O., Kautsky, N., Levin, S., Lubchenco, J. , Mäler, K-G., Simpson, D., Starrett, D., Tilman, D., & Walker, B. The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 289, 395-396.

Darnell, R.M., Lemon, P.C., Neuhold, J.M., & Ray, G.C. (1974) Natural Areas and their Role in Land and Water Resource Preservation. Final Report to the National Science Foundation, US/IBP Program for Conservation of Ecosystems, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C.

Dasgupta, P., Lewvinb, S., &, Lubchenco, J. (2000) Economic pathways to ecological sustainability, BioScience 50(4): 339-345.

Dasmann, R.F. (l974) Conservation, counter-culture, and separate realities. Environmental Conservation 1(2), 133-137.

Davis, G.E. (l981) On the role of underwater parks and sanctuaries in the management of coastal resources in the southeastern United States. Environmental Conservation 8(1), 67-70.

D'Elia, C.F. & Sanders, J.G. (1987) Scientists don't make management decisions (and why we wish that sometimes we did...) Marine Pollution Bulletin 18(8), 429-434.

Di Castri, F. (2000) Economy in a context of economic globalization. BioScience 50(4): 321-332. Doumenge, F. (l993) Human interactions in coastal and marine areas: Present day conflicts in coastal

resource use. In Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas. Papers presented at the UNESCO/IUCN San Francisco Workshop of 14-20 August, l989 (eds., Price, A. & Humphrey, S.), pp. 29-37. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Ducrotoy, J-P., & Elliott, M. (l997) Interrelations between science and policy-making: the North Sea example. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(9), 686-701.

Dunbar, M.J. (1980) The blunting of Occam's Razor, or to hell with parsimony. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58(2), 123-128.

Eagles, P.F.J., McCool, S.F., & Haynes, C.D. (2002) Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U,K.

Ehrlich, P.R., & Holdren, J.P. (1975) Eight thousand million people by the year 2010? Environmental Conservation 2(4), 241-242.

Ehrlich, P.R. (1991) Population diversity and the future of ecosystems. Science 254, 175. Elder, D. (l988) Toward a global plan of action for coastal and marine protected areas. New challenges for the world

protected area system. Proceedings of the 30th Working Session of IUCN's Commission on Natural Protected Areas, 30-31 January. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Elliott, M., & Lawrence, A.J. (1998) The protection of species versus habitats — dilemmas for marine scientists. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(3), 174-176.

Emeis, K-C., Larsen, B., & Seibold, E. (1992) What is the environmental capacity of enclosed marginal seas? Approaches to the problem in the Baltic, North, and Mediterranean Seas. In Use and Misuse of the Seafloor, (eds K.J. Hsü & J. Thiede), pp 181-211. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Estes, J.A. (1977) Population estimates and feeding behavior of sea otters. InThe Environment of Amchitka Island, (eds M.L. Merritt & R.G. Fuller), pp. 511-526. USERDA, TID-26712, Springfield, Virginia.

Estes, J.A. (1981) The case of the sea otter. In Problems in Management of Locally Abundant Wild Mammals, (eds P. A Jewell, S. Holt, & D. Hart,), pp. 167-179. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Finney, B.P., Gregory-Eaves, I., Douglas, M.S.V., & Smol, J.P. (2002) Fisheries productivity in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the past 2,200 years. Nature 416, 729-733.

Franklin, J.F., & MacMahon, J.A. (2000) Messages from a mountain. Science 288, 1183-1185. Galbraith, J. (l958) How much should a country consume? In Perspectives on Conservation, (ed. H. Jarrett).

Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Gaston, K.J. (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405, 220-227. Gatto, M., & De Leo, G.A. (2000) Pricing biodiversity and ecosystem services: the never-ending story.

BioScience 50(4): 347-361. Goodland, R.J.A., Daly, H.E., & El Serafy, S. (1993) The urgent need for rapid transition to global

environmental sustainability. Environmental Conservation 20(4), 297-309. Grassle, J.F. (2000). The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS): an on-line, worldwide atlas for

assessing, modeling and mapping marine biological data in a multidimensional geographic context. Oceanography 13 (3): 5-7.

Grumbine, R. E. (l994) Environmental Policy and Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington DC. Gubbay, S., ed. (1995) Marine Protected Areas. Chapman & Hall, London. Haggard, S. (1995) Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration. The Brookings Institution,

Washington D.C. Hall, C., Lindenberger, D., Kümmel, R., Kroeger, T., & Eichhorn, W. (2001) The need to reintegrate the

natural sciences with economics. BioScience 51 (8), 663-673. Hanna, S. S., Folke, C., & Maler, K.-G. (1996) Rights to Nature: Cultural, Economic, Political and Ecological

Principles of Institutions for the Environment. Island Press, Washington DC. Hatcher, B.G., Johannes, R.E., & Robertson, A.I. (1989). Review of research relevant to the conservation of

shallow tropical marine ecosystems. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 27, 337-414. Harrison, P.J., & Parsons, T.R. eds. (2000) Fisheries Oceanography: An Integrative Approach to Fisheries

Ecology and Management. Fish and Aquatic Rersources Series 4. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Hollander, J.M. (ed.) (1992) The Energy-Environment Connection. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Holling, C.S. (1995) What barriers? What bridges? In Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and

Institutions. (eds. L.H. Gunderson, C.S. Holling, & S.S. Light), pp. 3-34. Columbia University Press, New York.

Holling, C.S., & Chambers, A.D. (1973) Resource science: the nurture of an infant. BioScience 23(1), 13-20. Holling, C.S., & Meffe, G.K. (1996) Command and control and the pathology of natural resources

management Conservation Biology 10(2), 328-337. Holt, S. (2002) Whaling and whale conservation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 715-717. Holt, S.J. (1974) Ocean space for mankind: international law of the sea. Environmental Conservation 1(2),

138. Holt, S.J., & Talbot, L.M. (1978) New Principles for the Conservation of Wild Living resources. Journal of

Wildlife Management, Wildlife Monograph 59, Supplement, 43(2), 1-33. Huntley, B.J., Ezcurra, E., Fuentes, E.R., Fujii, K., Grubb, P.J., Haber, W., Harger, J.R.E., Holland, M.M.,

Levin, S.A. Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H.A., Neronov, V., Noble, I., Pulliam, H.R., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Risser, P.G., Sala, O., Sarukhan, J., & Sambroek (1992) A sustainable biosphere: the global imperative, the International Sustainable Biosphere Initiative. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 73(2), 7-14.

IUCN (1976) Marine life: Our programme for a global campaign. IUCN Bulletin, New Series 7(7), 37-42. IUCN (1976) Proceedings of an International Conference on Marine Parks and Reserves, Tokyo, Japan, 12-14,

1975. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Publication, New Series, 37. Morges, Switzerland.

IUCN (1986) MAB Information System: Biospere Reserves, Compilation 4. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland.

Iverson, E.S. (1996) Living Marine Resources; Their Utilization and Management. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Jackson, J.C.B. (2001) What was natural in the coastal oceans? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98(10), 5411-5418.

Jackson, J.C.B., & Johnson, K.G. (2001) Measuring past biodiversity. Science 293, 2401-2404. Kaplan, R.D. (2000) The Coming Anarchy, Vintage Books, NY. Kareiva, P., & Marvier, M. (2003) Conserving biodiversity coldspots. American Scientist 91(4), 344-351. Kelleher, G., ed. (1999) Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge,

U.K. Kenchington, R.A. (1990) Managing Marine Environments. Taylor & Francis, New York. Kerr, J.T. (1997) Species richness, endemism, and the choice of areas for conservation. Conservation Biology

11(5), 1094-1100. Kerr, R.A. (2001) Rising global temperature, rising uncertainty. Science 292, 192-194. Kiraly, S.J., Chestnutt, C., Gore, A., Gray, J., Hitchens, G., Hourigan, T.F., Iudicello, S., Koltes, K., Matlock,

G., Milazzo, M., Osborn, K.W., Phillips, B., Schroeder, B. & Shimada, A. (l998) Food from the sea: Living marine resources. Sea Technology 39(10), 43-46.

Kuehls, T. (1998) Between sovereignty and environment: an exploration of the discourse of government. In The Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics. (ed. K. T. Litfin), pp 31-53. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Langton, R.W., & Auster, P.J. (1999) Marine fishery and habitat interactions: to what extent are fisheries and habitat interdependent? Fisheries 24 (6), 14-21.

Levia, Jr., D.F. (1999) Synopsis: Land degradation: why is it continuing? AMBIO 28(2), 200-201. Levin, S.A. (1987) Scale and predictability in ecosystem modeling. In Modeling and Management of

Resources under Uncertainty. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, 72 (eds T.L.Vincent, Y. Cohen, W.J. Grantham, G.P. Kirkwood, & J.M. Skrowonski). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Wang, J., Delworth, D.L., Dixon, K.W., & Broccoli, A.J. (2001) Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system. Science 292, 267-270.

Levy, J.P. (1999) A democratic approach to ocean governance. Natural Resources Forum 23, 115-121. Lipschutz, R.D. (1998) The nature of sovereignty and the sovereignty of nature. Problematizing the

boundaries between self, society, state, and system. InThe Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics. (ed. K T. Litfin), pp. 109-138. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Litfin, K.T. (1998) The greening of sovereignty. InThe Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics. (ed. K T. Litfin), pp 1-27. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Livingston, R. J. (2001) Eutrophication Processes in Coastal Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Loayza, E.A. (l992) Preface: Managing Fishery Resources. Proceedings of a Symposium Co-sponsored by the

World Bank and Peruvian Mnistry of Fisheries held in Lima, Peru, June l992. (ed. Loayza, E. A.), pp. ix-x. World Bank Discussion Papers, Fisheries Series, 217.

Lovelock, J.E. (1990). Hands up for the Gaia hypothesis. Nature 344: 100-102. Lubchenco, J., Olson, A.M., Brubaker, L.B., Carpenter, S.R., Holland, M.M., Hubbell, S.P., Levin, S.A.,

MacMahon, J.A., Matson, P.A., Melillo, J.M., Mooney, H.A., Peterson, C,H., Pulliam, H.R., Real, L.A., Regal, P.J., & Risser, P.G. (1991) The sustainable biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72(2), 371-412.

Lutz, R. (1981) Internationalization of national approaches. In Comparative Marine Policy. Center for Ocean Management, Praeger Special Studies, pp. 206-210. University of Rhode Island, New York.

Margules, C.R., & Usher, M.B. (1981) Criteria used in assessing wildlife conservation potential. Biological Conservation 21, 79-109.

May, R.M. (1994) Ecological science and the management of protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 437-448.

McCaffrey, S.C. (1993) Water, politics, and international law. In, Water in Crisis. A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources (ed. P.H. Gleick), pp. 92-104. Oxford University Press, New York.

McCann, K.S. (2000) The diversity-stability debate. Nature 405, 228-233. McManus, R.J. (l998) What's with this "Oceans Policy" Stuff? Enough, Already! Sea Technology 39(11), 95

McMichael, D.F. (l976) Australian government action to conserve the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 3(1), 58.

McNeeley, J., Gadgil, M., Leveque, C., Padoch, C. & Redford, K. (1995) Human influences on biodiversity. In Global Biodiversity Assessment (ed. V.H. Heywood), pp. 715-821. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Meiyue, Z., & Mulley, S. (l997) Farmers flock to coastal cities. People and the Planet 3(1), 12-15. Miller, K.R. (l982) Parks and protected areas: considerations for the future. Ambio 11(5), 315-317. Miller, M.A.L. (1998) Sovereignty reconfigured: environmental regimes and third world states. InThe

Greening of Sovereignty in World Politics. (ed. K. T. Litfin), pp. 173-192. The MIT Press, Cambridge. Miller, M.L. (1993) The rise of coastal and marine tourism. Ocean & Coastal Management 20, 181-199. Mills, C.E., & Carlton, J.T. (1998) Rationale for a system of international reserves for the open ocean.

Conservation Biology 12(1), 244-247. Mitchell, J.K. (l982) Coastal zone management: a comprehensive analysis of national programs. Ocean

Yearbook 3. (eds E. M.Borgese & N. Ginsbury), pp. 258-316. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Mitchell, J.K. (l986) Coastal management since 1980: the U.S. experience and its relevance for other

countries. Ocean Yearbook 6. (eds. E. M.Borgese & N. Ginsbury), pp. 319-345. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Mooney, H.A., & Hobbs, R.J. (2000) Global change and invasive species: Where do we go from here? In Invasive Species in a Changing World (eds H.A. Mooney & R.J. Hobbs), pp. 425-435. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Myers, N. (1992) Population/environment linkages: discontinuities ahead. Ambio 21, 116-118. Myers, N. (l998) Securing the fabric of life. People and the Planet 7(4), 6-9. Myers, N., and Kent, J. (2001) Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars Undercut the Environment and the

Economy. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Myers, N. Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity

hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853-858. Comment by: Pimm, S.L., & Raven, P. (2000) Extinction by numbers. Nature 403, 843-844.

Myers, R.A., & Worm, B. (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423, 280-283.

Nature, Editorial (2003) How to slake a planet’s thirst. 422(6929), 243. NCEAS (2001) Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Reserves and Marine Protected Areas. National Center

fof Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. Nilsson, P. (1998)Criteria for the Selection of Marine Protected Areas. — an Analysis. Swedish Environmental

ProtectionAgency, Research and Development Department, Stockholm, Sweden, Report 4834, 1-54.

Nowotny, H., Scott, P., & Gibbons, M. (2001) Re-thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Polity Press, Oxford, U.K.

NRC (l995) Understanding Marine Biodiversity. A Research Agenda for the Nation. Oceans Studies Board, National Research Council, Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Odum, E.P. (1964) The new ecology. Bioscience 14, 14-16. Ogden, J.C. (2001) Maintaining diversity in the oceans: issues for the new U.S. administration.

Environment 43(3), 28-37. Okera, W. (l994) Will traditional African coastal fishermen survive — synopsis. Ambio 23(2), 168-169. O'Neil, R.V., & Kahn, J.R. (2000) Home economus as a keystone species, BioScience 50(4): 333-337. Parsons, T. (l997) The economic and environmental damage of fisheries. U.S. GLOBEX News, 12 August. Pauly, D., Christensen, V., & Walters, C. (2000) Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating

ecosystem impact of fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 697-706. Pimm, S.L., Ayres, M., Balmford, A., Branch, G., Brandon, K., Brooks, T., Bustamante, R., Costanza, R.,

Cowling, R., Curran, L.M., Dobson, A., Farber, S., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gascon, C., Kitching, R., McNeely, J., Lovejoy, T., Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Patz, J.A., Raffle, B., Rapport, D., Raven, P.,

Roberts, C., Rodriguez, J.P., Rylands, A.B., Tucker, C., Safina, C., Samper, C., Stiassny, M.L.J., Supriatna, J., Wall, D.H., & Wilcove, D. (2001) Can we defy Nature's end? Science 293, 2207-2208.

Pinnegar, J.K., Polunin, N.V.C., Francour, P., Badalamenti, F., Chemello, R., Harmelin-Vivien, M.-L., Hereu, B., Milazzo, M., Zabala, M., D'Anna, G., & Pipitone, C. (2000) Tropbic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. Environmental Conservation 27, 179-200.

Plan Development Team (1990) The Potential of Marine Fishery Reserves for Reef Fish Management in the U.S. Southern Atlantic. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-261, 1-40.

Polunin, N.V. (2002) 5th International conference on environmental future: climate change and the future state of the world’s aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Conservation 29, 1-2.

Ponting, C. (l991) A Green History of the World. The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. St. Martin's Press, New York.

Porter, G. & Brown, J.W. (l991) Global Environmental Politics. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Porter, P.W., & Sheppard, E.S. (1998) The World as Differentiated Resource. The Guildford Press, New York. Postel, S.L. (l998) Water for food production: will there be enough in 2025? Bioscience 48(8), 629-637. Price, A., & Humphrey, S. (1993) Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas. IUCN

Marine and Coastal Areas Programme, Gland, Switzerland. Purvis, A., & Hector, A. (2000) Getting the measure of biodiversity, Nature 405, 212-219. Ray, G. C. (1989). Sustainable use of the global ocean. In Changing the Global Environment: Perspectives on

Human Involvement (eds D. B. Botkin, M. F. Caswell, J. E. Estes, and A. A. Orio), pp. 69-87. Academic Press, N. Y. and London.

Ray, G.C. (1996). Conservation of coastal-marine biological diversity. In Biodiversity: Science and Development: Towards a New Partnership (eds F. di Castri and T. Younès), pp. 224-245. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.

Roberts, C.M. (2000) Selecting marine reserve locations; optimality versus opportunism. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 581-592.

Roberts, C.M. (1997) Connectivity and management of Caribbean coral reefs. Science 278, 1454-1457. Comments by: Ogden, J.C. (1997) Marine managers look upstream for connections. Science 278, 1414-1415. Letters to Editor on Fishery and reef management: Bellwood, D.R., Leis, J.M., & Stobutzki, I.C. (1999) Science 279, 2021-2022; Sale, P.F., & Cowen , R.K. Science 279, 2022; Author's response: Science 279, 2022-2023.

Roberts, C.M. (1997) Ecological advice for the global fisheries crisis. TREE 12(1), 35-38. Roberts, C.M. (1998) Sources, sinks and the design of marine reserve networks. Fisheries 23: 16-19. Roberts, C.M., McClean, C.J., Veron, J.E.N., Hawkins, J.P., Allen, G.R., McAllister, D.E., Mittermeier, C.G.,

Schueler, F.W., Spalding, M., Wells, F., Vynne, C., & Werner, T.B. (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295, 1280-1284. Letters to Editor on Coral Reef Biodiversity and Conservation: Baird, A.W., Bellwood, D.R., Connell, J.H., Cornell, H.V., Hughes, T.P., Karlson, R.H., & Rosen, B.R. (2002) Science 296, 1026-1027; Briggs, J.C. (2002) Science 296, 1027; Author's response: Science 296, 1027-1028.

Rogers, C.S. (2000) Confounding factors in coral reef recovery. Science 289, 391. Rosenberg, N., & Birdzell, L.E. Jr. (1986) How The West Grew Rich.The Economic Transformation of the

Industrial World. Basic Books, New York. Rowley, R.J. (1994) Marine reserves in fisheries management. Aquatic Conservation 4, 233-254. Safina, C. (l998) Song for the Blue Ocean: Encounters along the world's coasts and beneath the seas. Henry Holt,

New York. Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S. III, Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E.,

Huenneke, L.F., Jackson, R.B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D.M., Mooney, H.A., Oesterheld, M.,Poff, N.L., Sykes, M.T., Walker, B.H., Walker, M., & Wall, D.H. (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770-1774.

Salm, R.V., Clark, J.R., & Siirila, E. (2000) Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers. Third Edition. IUCN, Washington, D.C.

Sampford, C. (2002) Environmental governance for biodiversity. Environmental Science and Policy 5, 79-90.

Samson, F.B., & Knopf, F.L. (2001) Archaic agencies, muddled missions, and conservation in the 21st Century. BioScience 51(10), 869-873.

Sandwith, T., Shine, C., Hamilton, L., & Sheppard, D. (2001) Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Cooperation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.

Shankar, N.J., & Cheong, H.-F. (1995) Singapore. Coastal Management. In The Asia-Pacific Region: Issues and Approaches (eds K. Hotta & I.M. Dutton), pp. 253-263. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.

Smith, A.K., & Pollard, D.A. (1996) The best available information — some case studies from NSW, Australia, of conservation-related management responses which impact on recreational fishers. Marine Policy 20(3), 261-267.

Soares, M. (l998) The Ocean Our Future: the Report of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Soulé, M.E., & Sanjayan, M.A. (1998) Conservation targets: Do they help? Science 279, 2060-2061. Soulé, M.L. (1985) What is conservation biology? BioScience 35(11), 727-734. Soulé, M.L. (1986) Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates,

Sunderland, Massachusetts. Stern, P.C. (1993) A second environmental science: human-environment interactions. Science 260, 1897-

1899. Stone, C.D. (l997) Editorial: The crisis in global fisheries: Can trade laws provide a cure? Environmental

Conservation 24(2), 97-98. Tangley, L. (1985) Tackling "cross-media" pollution. Bioscience 35(2), 70-73. Tilman, D. (2000) Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature 405, 208-211. Turner, R.K., Adger, W.N., & Lorenzoni, I. (1998) Towards intergrated modelling and analysis in coastal

zones: principles and practices. Land-ocean interactions in the coastal zone (LOICZ). LOICZ Reports & Studies 11.

Urban, F.E., Cole, J.E., & Overpeck, J.T. (2000) Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record. Nature 407, 989-993. Comment by: Dunbar, R.B. Clues from corals. Nature 407, 956-957.

Van Dyke, J.M. (1992) The role of a constitution for the US oceans. Ocean & Coastal Management 17, 273-297.

von Moltke, K. (1997) Institutional interactions: The structure of regimes for trade and the environment. In Global Governance: Drawing insights from the Environmental Experience. (ed. O. R. Young), pp 247-272. The MIT Press, Cambridge.

WCPA (2000) Financing Protected Areas. Financing Protected Areas Task Force of the World Commission on Protected Areas in collaboration with the Economics Unit of IUCN. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.

Weber, P. (l994) Net loss: fish, jobs, and the marine environment. Worldwatch Paper 120, pp. 5-62. Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC.

Wenk, E, Jr. (1981). Global principles for national marine policies: a challenge for the future. In Comparative Marine Policy. Center for Ocean Management Studies, Praeger Special Studies, pp. 3-16. University of Rhode Island, New York.

Western, D., Pearl, M.C., Pimm, S.L., Walker, B., Atkinson, I. & Woodruff, D.S. (l989) An agenda for conservation action. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century. (eds D. Western & M. C. Pearl), pp. 304-323. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K..

Wiens, J.A. (1996) Oil, seabirds, and science. The effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. BioScience 46(8), 587-597.

Wiggerts, H. (l981) Coastal management in the Netherlands. In Comparative Marine Policy. Praeger Special Studies, Center for Ocean Management Studies, pp. 75-81. University of Rhode Island, New York.

Wilcox, B.A., & Murphy, D.D. (1985) Conservation strateg;y: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. American Naturalist 125, 879-887.

Wilkinson, P. (1998) The world needs more than protests. Nature 396, 511-512.

Yaffee, S. L., Phillips, A. F., Frentz, I. C., Hardy, P. W., Maleki, S. M. & Thorpe, B. E. (1996) Ecosystem Management in the United States: An Assessment of Current Experience. Island Press, Washington DC.

Yodzis, P., (2001) Must top predators be culled for the sake of fisheries? TREE 16 (2), 78-83. Zinn, J. A. (1997) Managing Coastal Areas. Oceans & Coastal Resources: A Briefing Book. U.S. Congressional

Research Service Report 97-588 ENR, Washington DC.