chapter 1: introduction chapter 1.pdfthe scientific method 1. what is “biology”? 1. what is...
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Chapter 1:Introduction
2. Characteristics of Living Things
3. The Scientific Method
1. What is “Biology”?
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1. What is Biology?
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What is Biology?
Biology is the scientific study of Life:of living things and the environmentsthey live in.
Biology is investigated on a variety of scales from the very small (atoms and molecules) to the very large (populations and ecosystems)…
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Levels of Biological Inquirysubatomic particle < atom < molecule < organelle
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cell < tissue < organ < organ system < organism
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population < species < community < ecosystem < biome < biosphere
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2. Characteristics ofLiving Things
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Characteristics of Living Things
All things that we consider to be “alive”have the following characteristics:
1) the ability to reproduce
2) acquire and use energy and matter
3) maintain a “constant” internal environment • i.e., undergo metabolism
• i.e., homeostasis
4) respond, adapt to external environment
• have genetic material (DNA, RNA)
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Cells are the SmallestUnit of Life
The most basic thing to exhibit all characteristics of being “alive” is the cell.
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Is a Virus Alive?
No. By themselves, viruses don’treproduce, metabolize, respond to their environment or maintain homeostasis.
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3. The Scientific Method
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The Scientific MethodObservation > Hypothesis > Experiment > Conclusion
• predicts an answer to the question of interest
e.g., “Does vitamin D help prevent colds?”
A good hypothesis is a statement that:
• contains only objective, well-defined terms• can be tested or challenged experimentally
• scientific investigation begins with an observationthat leads to a question (ideally “Yes/No”)
“People who take vitamin D are less likely to get a cold.”
*A good hypothesis doesn’t have to be correct, just testable!*
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Experimentation…Hypotheses are tested experimentally, and experiments contain variables:
Dependent Variables (DV)• outcome being measured or recorded
• e.g., occurrence of colds
Independent Variable (IV)• the single factor that varies in an experiment
• e.g., whether or not one takes a vitamin D supplement
Standardized Variables (SV)• all other factors that remain constant
• e.g., age, gender, location, stress level, etc.
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…more on ExperimentationIdeally experiments have 1 independent variable.
• any changes in the results (dependent variable)must be due to changes in the IV
• >1 IV makes it unclear which IV affected the DV!
Experimental results are then interpreted toeither support or disprove the hypothesis:
• a hypothesis can never be proven, only supported• an experimental result that is inconsistent with a
hypothesis reveals it to be incorrect!
***In an experiment, the IV is tested for its effect on the DV***
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Control ExperimentsEvery experiment should ideally include a testin which the IV is set to zero or some default value, a test referred to as a control:
• leave out the IV (e.g., no Vitamin D)
• if IV can’t be left out (e.g., temperature), set it to adefault or background level (e.g., room temperature)
This sort of test is also called a negative control.
Positive controls (tests that give a known positiveresult) are also appropriate for some experiments.
***Controls provide a reference for comparison in additionverifying that the experimental results are reliable***
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A Classic Biological Experiment
control test1 independent variable
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Key Terms for Chapter 1
• hypothesis
• variables: independent, dependent, standardized
• homeostasis
Relevant Review Questions: 3, 6
• control experiments