CHAPTER 1 - BasicsPrehistoric – before writing

Historian – study the history of the pastArtifacts – objects made by humans

Anthropology – study of the origin and behavior of early societies/culture

Culture – group/society way of doing thingsMary and Louis Leakey

Archaeology – study of past people through their remains

CHAPTER 1 - BasicsTimeline of History

goes backwards until “0” then goes forwards 10,000 BC 500 BC 0 500 AD 1200 AD 2011 AD

BC “Before Christ”BCE “Before Common Era” – politically correctAD “Anno Domino” – in the year of our LordCE “Common Era” – politically correct

EARLY PEOPLEHominids – any group that walked upright on 2 feet

”Lucy”Homo Habilis – “Handy Man” – 1st to make toolsHomo Erectus – “Upright Man” – skeletons show

they walked fully upright1st’s – fire, ax,

Homo Sapiens – “Modern/Wise Man”

PALEOLITHIC AGE• Lasted from the beginnings of human life until

about 10,000 BCE• nomads (wanderers) - live in groups of 20 -30• Hunters and gatherers• men hunted game animals and women gathered

fruits, berries, and other edibles• developed simple tools such as, spears and axes

made from bone, wood, and stone

NEOLITHIC AGE

• around 10,000 BCE, people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals. This is known as the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

• Neolithic Revolution led to growth of CIVILIZATIONS

TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS***AGRICLUTURE***

1)RISE OF TOWNS/CITIES>increase in population>stay in 1 place>centers of trade

2)SPECIALIZED LABOR>in time, there was a “surplus of crops”>fewer people needed to farm>other people could meet demands that were needed in a developing society>artisans (traders, potters, weavers, metal workers, weapons, brick makers, brick

layers)>development of cultural diffusion>people began to depend on others to meet needs>led to development of social classes

-”patriarchal” society

Social ClassesOver time, a wealthy

class of aristocrats gained control of the

land and collected rent from poor farmers. Gradually society became divided

between the “haves” and the “have nots.”

3)ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY – irrigation, boat, plowmade life easier, more efficient

TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS

4)COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS – government, economy, and religionORGANIZATIONanimismdeveloped rituals

=burial

TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS

5)WRITING / CALENDAR•RECORDS•ORGANIZATION•LAWS

**PREHISTORIC TIMES ENDED**

Scribespictographs symbols of objectsCuneiform - Sumer

TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS

NEGATIVES OF NEOLITHIC REVOLUTIONSLAVERY>>Before people were considered equals, but when people settled into one area, they became possessions just like land or material goods

POSSESSIONS>>Helped each other less. Became more concerned about their own land>>Increased tensions - Lead to wars

LAND EROSION>>Erosion of farmland. Used Slash-and-burn>>Soil lost its nutrients - started search for natural resources

NEGATIVES OF NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

DISEASE>>Diseases spread easily. WHY????>>Life expectancies were shorter.

QUALITY OF LIFE>>Stress increased – Farming took many people and

many hours.>>Became dependent on 1-2 grains – loss of diet due

to less protein and vitamins.>>Drought and famine.

SIGMUND FREUD“The first human being who

hurled an insult instead of a rock was the true founder of civilization.”

“Civilization is a triumph of mind over matter, of reason over instinct and of the distinctly human nature over mankind’s animal nature.”