chapter 1 an introduction to graphical communication in engineering
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Graphical Communication
in Engineering
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Objectives• Explain and illustrate how engineering
graphics is one of the special tools available to an engineer
• Define how engineering visualization, modeling, and graphics are used by engineers in their work
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Objectives (cont’d.)• Provide a short history of how engineering
graphics, as a perspective on how it is used today, was used in the past
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Introduction• Roles of engineering graphics:
– Communication– Record keeping– Analysis
• Computers, three-dimensional modeling, and graphics software:– Made it increasingly effective to use engineering
graphics in design, visualization, and optimization
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A Short History• Ancient history
– Cave paintings– Egyptian pyramids, Native American pyramids
• Egyptian hieroglyphics
– Roman arch, Roman road– Archimedes screw
• Diagrams depicting its use
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The Medieval Period• Europe: large building construction
– Flying buttress– Towers
• Asia: large fortifications, shrines, and temples– Great Wall of China
• Large-scale civil engineering projects
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The Renaissance• Physical scientific thinking
– Empirical observations and mathematics
• Accurate sizing
• Descriptive geometry– Fortifications
• By 1800s, most engineering was civil or military
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Descriptive Geometry
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The Industrial Revolution• Began with mechanical engineering
• Mass production– Each product identical– Short production times
• Engineering schools– Communication necessary
• Patent drawings vs. engineering drawings
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More Recent History• Electrical engineering
– Electric motors, generators, power conversion, and transmission lines
• Chemical engineering– Production of petroleum products and synthetic
chemicals
• Industrial and manufacturing engineering– Improving production quality, control, and efficiency
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More Recent History (cont’d.)• Nuclear engineering
– Result of the nuclear energy and nuclear weapons programs
• More recent disciplines– Bioengineering, information and computational
sciences, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and nano-engineering
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The People and Their Skills• Many people with many different types of
skills participate in development and production of a project– Clear, unbroken, and unambiguous flow of
communication must take place– Graphical communication must follow
universally accepted standards
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Organization of Project Life Phases• Concept
• Design
• Fabrication
• Installation
• Operation
• Disposal
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Organization of Functional Groups• Research and Development
• Design
• Manufacturing
• Sales and/or Buying
• Service
• Subcontractors
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Organization of Skills• Engineers
– Ensure systems operate within limits– Specify materials and sizes of parts and
assemblies
• Designers– Responsible for product’s fit and finish
• Drafters– Responsible for documentation
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Organization of Skills (cont’d.)• Fabricators
– Make the parts
• Inspectors– Responsible for checking
• Technicians– Responsible for maintenance and operation
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Concurrent Engineering• Process where design and aspects of
fabrication phases are combined– Different groups of engineers work together– Product design may be altered to facilitate
fabrication
• Advantage: product development reduced
• Disadvantage: large errors in design are expensive
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Engineering Graphics Technology• Early years
– Up until Renaissance period, most drawings done by hand
– Many drawings were distorted and done in 2-D• Good for conveying ideas and rough sizing• Poor for precision• Made part interchangeability and mass production
difficult
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Instrument Drawing• Early instruments: straightedges with
scales, compasses, dividers, protractors• Other classic drawing instruments include:
– Drafting board– T square– Triangle– French curve– Template
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The Computer Revolution• Advantages of computer-based graphics
– Ease of data storage and transmission– Precise drawing data– Ease of data manipulation
• Computer-aided drawing (CAD) software– Developed in 1970s for mainframes– Became popular in 1980s because of PCs
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Graphics as a Design Tool• Three-dimensional (3-D) modeling
– Began in 1980s as an engineering design tool– Quickly adopted by mechanical engineering;
called solid modeling– Permitted viewing a 3-D object from different
perspectives, unlike CAD– Aided in visualization– Required more computation power and memory
than CAD
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Graphics as an Analysis Tool• Descriptive geometry still useful in large-
scale civil, architectural, and mining projects
• Solid modeling used to calculate mechanical properties of parts
• 3-D land models– Make visualization of landscapes easier
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Graphics as a Presentation Tool• Charts
– Commonly used for presenting data to general public
• Graphs– More technical; show data trends
• Geometric models built with three-dimensional modeling software– Finite element analysis (FEA)
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The Modern Role of Engineering Graphics
• Best way to communicate idea for part is to show a picture– Now computer-generated from 3-D models
• Engineering graphics is still analysis tool, but type of analysis has changed– Now, graphical models examine fit and
function
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The Modern Role of Engineering Graphics (cont’d.)
• Modern graphics classes mainly cover:– Visualization– Analysis– Function– Optimization of designs
• Sketching
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Summary• Learned that graphical communication is
vital in nearly all aspects of engineering
• Learned that technological tools have made tasks associated with classical engineering graphics much easier
• Discussed 3-D modeling and its impact on engineering graphics