Chapter 1: Converging Cultures

Section 1: Migration to AmericaTake Extremely Good Notes- This is all the

information you will be given in my class. You will need it to pass this class.

Created By Ronna Williams

Geologists believe that the first humans came to America when the Earth’s water froze into glaciers.

As the water froze, the floor of the ocean was revealed. This provided a Land bridge for the people

to walk across into America.

WHERE DID THEY COME FROM?

The Journey From Asia The first people migrated from

Asia to North, Central, and South America during the last

Ice Age.

They reached the Americas thousands of years ago.

This migration took centuries, and people spread out across the Americas as far east as the

Atlantic Ocean and as far south as the tip of South America.

These early people crossed a land bridge from Siberia in northeastern Asia to

present-day Alaska.

This land bridge, Beringia, now lies under the waters of the Bering Strait.

These early Americans were nomads, moving from place to place in search of food.

- were skilled hunters. They used every part of the animal for food, clothing, weapons, and

tools.

Primordial Soup Theory

They believe that humans crawled out of this

Primordial Soup after they grew legs.

Some people think that the first humans

formed from a soup of bacteria , chemicals and

amino acids in

a warm pond or ocean.

Creation

Scholars believe they have determined the

actual location of the Garden of Eden. Adam &

Eve were driven out of the Garden of Eden &

angels with flaming swords guarded the

Garden, so they could never return.

This Is Present Day Iraq

Hunter-Gatherers

The earliest arrivals to America were nomads. This means they moved around from place to place looking for food.

As time passed, the hunter-gathers learned how to plant

& raise crops.

Neolithic Revolution

Once they could grow food, they

developed farms. Someone had to

tend to the crops as they grew and

be there for the harvest. This caused

villages to develop around the farms.

Some of the first crops the nomads

learned to grow were squash, beans

and pumpkins, but their most

important crop was maize—another

word for corn.

When Farming Began

How Farming Changes things

As the families formed a village, not everyone had to tend to the crops.

People began to become skilled in other areas. Some fashioned arrows. Other became experienced basket weavers. Several men became expert hunters or

fishermen.

Government Begins

As the villages grew filled with many

families, there was a new need for order. You

can imagine how arguments or situations

would develop in their new way of living.

Government began to develop to settle these

disputes. In North America, this marked the

actual beginning of civilization.

Civilization

A highly organized society that has

increasing knowledge of trade, government,

arts (crafts), science, and most of the time a

written language. One of the most interesting

civilizations to develop were the Aztecs.

AztecsHad a Grand City Called TENOCHTITLAN

Located in Present-day Mexico City!

We are Going to Do a Deeper Study of the

Aztecs Later in This Chapter.

Let’s add to the list of civilizations that

developed in North America.

Anasazi

This civilization developed where Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico now meet.

The area where these 4 states meet is called the Four Corners Region.

They farmed in some harsh desert conditions building basins & ditches to collect rainwater. The lived in large multi-story buildings made from adobe and stone.

These homes are called Pueblos.

Four Corners

Anasazi

Anasazi Structures Discovered

by a Cowboy in

the 1800s.

Pictures:copyright to Ray Rasmussen webpage: http://raysweb.net

stonework of the Anasazi

Anasazi Art Work

Anasazi Storage Bins

Inuit & Aleut

These civilizations developed around Alaska.

Both groups hunted whales, seals and polar bears.

Engineered the creation of the first harpoon, kayak and dogsled.

They are the only Native Americans who developed lamps using whale

blubber for fuel.

Hohokam

This Civilization developed in Arizona.

Developed Irrigation canals which brought water from hundreds of miles away to their crops

By the 1500s this culture had vanished.

This is a Hohokam Ball Court

These people were descendants of the Anasazi &

Hohokam (Lived in the same southwestern area of

America)

They continued the farming traditions

Believed in a spirit world

When the boys turned six, they joined a kachina cult,

wore masks & danced to summon the kachinas

Kachina means good spirit

Zuni & Hopi Civilizations

They were farmers, but suddenly abandoned the

area.

They became nomadic hunters.

Followed the herds of buffalo on foot

Once horses were brought to America by Spain, the

wild descendants of those horses were tamed by the

people of the Great Plains.

They became expert riders, hunters & warriors.

The Great Plains Civilization

Horses were first

brought to America by Spain. Some of

these horses got away during war or

were left behind

when the Spanish set sail. They

populated the great plains area

untouched by

humans. The Great Plains people tamed

these wild horses.

First the Great Plains People Farmed, but stopped for an unknown reason.

They began to follow the herds of buffalo on foot. They only killed what was needed to survive & respected the buffalo.

Their lives were completely dependant on the survival of the buffalo.

Lived in present-day New York

Practiced Slash & Burn Agriculture

Lived in Long Houses

Each group formed a clan

Iroquois Civilization

Iroquois

Iroquois used slash & burn agriculture.

They cut down the forests, burned &

cleared the land.

This made the soil rich in nitrogen from

the ashes.

Iroquois

They lived in longhouses.

Longhouses housed 10 families.

Each of these 10 families was a clan.

The clan was headed by the strongest

woman of the clan.

She was the Matriarch.

War would break out between all the different

clans within the Iroquois groups.

•! Five groups formed an alliance to maintain peace.

•!When all Five groups joined together, they were called the Iroquois League.

•! The agreement the five groups entered into was called

THE GREAT BINDING LAW.

LongHouse

A sixth nation joined later called the Tuscarora

Assessment

Write these terms & define each one.

Ice Age

Glacier

Nomad

Civilization

Pueblo

Kachina

Slash & burn agriculture

longhouse

Reviewing Themes

Geography and History How did an Ice Age make it possible for Asian hunters to migrate to the Americas?

Water froze, sea levels dropped, and large areas of land such as Beringia were exposed, allowing migration.

Questions

How did the first people come to North America?

Explain the Primordial Soup Theory.

Where did civilization begin before the first humans came to

America and in present-day geography in which country is

this located ?

In this same location, what do scholars also believe was once

located near the place where civilization began?

Why couldn’t Adam & Eve return to the Garden of Eden?

If the first Americans were nomads, how did they get food?

How did the agricultural revolution lead to the growth of

permanent settlements?

What was the most important crop?

Explain how farming changed the way some

people worked.

Why did government first develop?

What was the grand city of the Aztecs?

Where is this in present-day geography?

Which civilization developed around the four

corners region?

What states make up the four corners region?

What were the homes of the Anasazi called?

Which two civilizations developed around Alaska?

List 3 inventions of the Alaskan civilizations?

What development of the Alaskan civilization did no other Native American group have?

Answer the following questions about the Hohokam:

Where were they? What did they do? What happened to these people?

Which civilizations believed in Kachinas?

Which civilization was affected mostly by the buffalo & the horse?

Which country brought horses to America?

Which civilization lived in New York?

Since this New York Civilization was headed by the strongest female, what is the leader called?

How many tribes eventually formed the Iroquois League?

What was the name of the agreement they entered into?

Section 2

Europe & Africa

Middle Ages

•! The period from about 500 to

1400 is called the Middle Ages.

•!During this time, Europe is in a

mess.

•! The entire economy had

collapsed.

During the Middle Ages..

1.! Money was no longer used

2.! Law & order vanished

3.! Roads fell into disrepair

4.! Cities just disintegrated

5.! People knew nothing about life beyond

their own tiny villages

Feudalism

•! After the Middle Ages, since the government had failed, a new political system developed.

•! Remember, there is no law & order.

European Swords weighed about 6 to 12 pounds. The user needed 2 hands to fight!

Manorialism described the

economic relationship

between the Nobles & the

peasants.

PEASANTS

•! Peasants lived on the estates of the Lords.

•! In return for the protection during this

lawless time, the peasants farmed the

Lords’ lands.

•! Most of the peasants fell into the category

of SERFS.

•! Serfs were bound to the land and the lord.

•! Serfs were not considered slaves because

they could not be bought or sold.

The Peasants or Serfs lived in tiny

one room houses with dirt floors.

They slept huddled together to

keep warm. Their main diet

consisted of porridge & bread

•! Porridge was

made from dried

peas seasoned

with a piece of

pork fat.

Things Change

•! Neither the Middle Ages nor Feudalism lasted forever.

•! The religion of Islam began to spread like wildfire!

•! Christians wanted to prevent Islam from taking over the world.

•! They launched an effort to stop Islam from spreading & spread Christianity.

•! This effort is historically known as

The Crusades.

The Crusades

•! The Crusades were really nine expeditions

inspired by Pope Urban II to defeat Islam.

The threat of Islam was so great the

nobles began to sell their estates, free the

serfs and join The Crusades. They felt it

was their duty to the Christian faith. This

marked the end of Feudalism &

Manorialism.

The Crusades took them to many foreign lands & they brought back many

new ideas & new technologies. A great trade developed with Asia. The problem was that all the things they wanted from Asia could only be

obtained by dealing with the Muslims whose religion was Islam!

To get spices from Asia they would be forced

to do business with the people they were

trying to defeat. This is what caused the desire

to find a new route to reach Asia. They could

cut the Muslims out of the deal.

If they could !nd a way around

the Muslims"

They could get the spices they

needed & save some money" too!

Europeans were Christian &

did not like giving their

money to Muslims

There was no warm water or running water.

People went weeks without bathing.

There was no refrigeration, so meat would rot

quickly.

The spices helped to mask the smell and taste

of rancid meat. Salt would cure the meat &

•! Why did they need spices so bad?

Four Strong States Emerged that

Would Finance Trade & Exploration

At this same time, an

intellectual revolution

began.

It is known as the

Renaissance. It lasted

from about 1350-1600.

•! Portugal

•! Spain

•! England

•! France

!ey needed Ships "at wouldn#t ge$ %wa&owed up by "e ocea'

This began the age of exploration!

Exploration required new technology:

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The Chinese invention of the compass showed the direction of magnetic north.

The Arabs improved an invention

called the astrolabeThe Astrolabe measured the altitude of the sun,

moon, planets and stars.

Mapmakers called cartographers

were unaware of North & South

America

A mapmaker named Ptolemy made many of the inaccurate maps for

explorers.

No one knew that tribes of Native Americans were living

In a New World not even recorded on European Maps

We shouldn’t judge Ptolemy too harshly.

He could only rely on the stories the men

aboard ships brought back to him.

There were no satellites to help Ptolemy recognize

North & South America

The Portuguese developed a ship

called the Caravel and they began

to search for a new route to Asia.

The Caravel was designed with:

•! new triangular shaped sails instead of all square

•! New steering rudder instead of steering oars

•! And a shallow hull

People To Remember

Henry the Navigator: a prince

from Portugal who

opened a school to train in the

areas of geography,

map making, astronomy &

shipbuilding.

Portugal Leads The Way

A Portuguese sailor named

Bartholomeu Dias sailed to the

southern tip of Africa.

Now" the Muslims could be bypassed to

get spices from Asia#

The Tip of Africa Passageway

Became Known as

The Cape of Good Hope

Bartholomeu Dias

Bartholomeu Dias found The Cape of

Good Hope, but the first European to

actually sail all the way around Africa

& reach Asia was Vasco Da Gama

Traditional African Religion

ANIMISM

1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being.

2. A world of spirits (good & bad) in all things.

3. Ancestor veneration.

4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes.

5. Diviner ! mediator between the tribe

and God.

Fetishes

Statuettes called “fetishes,” for example, are thought to

give substance to invisible spiritual intermediaries.

Ancestors

Sonike•! The Soninke people

created the first

African empire in

Ghana and became

wealthy selling gold

•! & salt.

•! Muslims conquered

Ghana & soon Ghana

was bypassed by

traders.

•! The wealthy empire of

Ghana collapsed.

Malinke•!The Malinke

People grew

wealthy controlling

from gold and

conquered Ghana.

•!They built the

empire of Mali

where the religion

of Islam flourished.

•!Farmers in the area

still held to the

traditional African

religion

They helped make Timbuktu

A great center of trade &

Learning

•!The Sorko fished and

controlled trade along

the Niger River.

•!They built the empire

of Songhai using the

wealth they gained

from controlling this

trade.

•!The empire revived

Timbuktu as a great

center of trade and for

the Muslim religion.

Sorko People

Slavery & Sugar

Slaves were also used

by other Africans to

work in the Gold

mines.

•! During the Crusades, the

people of Western Europe

learned about Sugarcane

from the Muslims.

Europeans had usually used

honey to sweeten their

coffee & tea, but sugar was a

wonderful new discovery.

Spain & Portugal established

sugar plantations on the

islands of Canary &

Madeira. They used slaves

to work on the plantations.

AXUM

Assessment

Define

1.! Feudalism

2.! Manorialism

3.! Serf

4.! Renaissance

5.! Astrolabe

6.! Caravel

7.! Savannah

8.! Cartography

9.! Fetishes

10.! Animism

Questions

1.! List five major problems in the Middle

Ages.

2.! What relationship did Feudalism actually

deal with?

3.! What relationship did Manorialism actually

deal with?

4.! Describe the life of a peasant (serf) to

include how they lived & what they ate?

5.! How did The Crusades bring an end to Feudalism?

6.! What were The Crusades & what was the purpose of The Crusades?

7.! Why did the Europeans need spices so badly?

8.! Which four states emerged to finance trade and exploration?

9.! What was the Renaissance?

10.! Where did the Europeans acquire the astrolabe?

11.! What is a compass & where did the Europeans acquire it?

12.! What is a caravel, who developed it & what were its qualities?

13.! Identify Henry the Navigator.

14.! Identify Bartolomeu Dias.

15.! Identify Vasco da Gama.

16.! How did camels help Africans & from where did they get the camels?

17.! What is the Sahara?

18.! What is the name of the main river in Africa?

Identify the following African Peoples to

include location, culture, ect.

Sonike, Malinke, Sorko, Axum,

Section 3 Europe

Encounters America

Columbus Didn’t What?

Christopher Columbus was not the

first European to arrive in North

America. When he did bump into to

America, he was just lost. He didn!t

discover America like your first

history book might!ve told you.

This accomplishment was really the

work ofLeif Ericsson

Leif Ericsson500 years before Columbus, Leif Ericsson discovered America.

He was a Viking from Scandinavia.He and his crew tried to create

colonies, but the Native American were too fierce.

The Vikings were outnumbered & the colonies failed.

This is a

statue of

Leif located

in Iceland.

It was a

gift from

the United

States of

America

Mapmakers called cartographers

were unaware of North & South

America

A mapmaker named Ptolemy made many of the inaccurate maps for

explorers.

No one knew that tribes of Native Americans were living

In a New World not even recorded on European Maps

Story of ColumbusThe inaccurate map that Christopher Columbus used was created by Claudius

Ptolemy. While the map did indicate a round world

rather than flat, the distance & size of the earth was recorded much too small.

Ptolemy’s maps never even documented the continents we now call North & South

America.

Before we judge Ptolemy too harshly, we need to remember that he did not have access to any of the tools we use today. He was stepping

into the unknown & recording what he had been told by sailors.

Ptolemy developed a grid system of

longitude & latitude lines which we still

use today.

Longitude:

Lines run north

and south!

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-"+#)"*&).'+#

We already know that Europe found a

trade route to Asia around the

southern tip of Africa. (From Lesson 2)

Columbus wanted to explore a new way to reach Asia. He

begged for financial help & was turned down many times.

Columbus finally convinced Spain’s

King & Queen to finance his exploration!

King Ferdinand

Queen Isabella

Columbus touched land on an

island of the Bahamas# He

thought he was in India" so he

called the people Indians#

Columbus died still believing he had found a

new route to Asia.

He Was Lost!

Many People Argue that Columbus

didn’t discover anything!

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Spain had sent Columbus to explorePortugal had sent Vespucci to exploreBoth countries wanted a claim in the New WorldThey went to the Pope for help

Portugal & Spain were in a race to see who could claim the most land and win the rights to a new route to Asia. (India)

Both countries went to the Pope to settle their dispute. established : Line of Demarcation This was an imaginary line that ran north & south. This line would

divide the world. Everything which had not been claimed yet to the west of the line would belong to Spain

Everything to the East would belong to

The deal was sealed when the countries signed the

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal.

Pope Alexander VI

Goldhil. "Just the Facts World History Series: The Age of Discovery."unitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

No one recognized the Treaty of Tordesillas except for

Spain & Portugal.

Dividing the World Was Not Going to be as easy as Signing a Treaty!

It wasn’t until 1507 that another Italian

explorer discovered Columbus had been wrong!Amerigo Vespucci realized he was in a New

World rather than Asia.

The new continents began to be drawn into the

maps as cartographers heard the news! The

Cartographers began to write the name

America on the maps in honor of the man who

discovered them.

AMERI

GO

VESPUCCI

Vasco de BalboaHe was an indebted planter who

stowed away on a ship to America.

He made his way through disease-

ridden jungles & swamps to

become the very first European to

see the Pacific Ocean-this ocean

really does lead to

China & India.

He was around the area of

Panama.

Voyage of Magellan 1517

Ferdinand Magellan was from Portugal, but he was

sailing for the Spanish.

Magellan’s mission was to try to find a western route

to Asia.

Magellan began his voyage with 5 ships

Three of the ships attempted mutiny

Two captains were unhappy with Magellan’s decision to stay in South America until the spring

When Magellan found out about the Mutiny, he executed one of the Captains

He spared the second captain’s life, but left him marooned.

Magellan found a narrow

waterway near the southern tip of

South America.

Magellan Strait was a jagged & rocky waterway that stretched 350 miles

The strong currents & strange winds separated one of the

ships from the others.

The lost ship was forced to return to Spain.

Another ship crashed against the jagged rocks.

With only 3 ships left, Magellan made it to the South

Sea.

He named it The Pacific Ocean!

Magellan finally reached the Philippines

Magellan became friends with a local

chief & even convinced him to become a

Christian

The Chief had an enemy

Magellan was killed when he got

caught in a fight between Chief and his

enemy

Magellan’s crew escaped & sailed away

on one final ship

They were able to keep The Victoria,

Magellan’s ship.

The Victoria arrived back in Spain after being gone three years.

Though Magellan had been killed on the voyage, since his crew

completed the circumnavigation, Magellan was given historical credit.

Circumnavigate means to circle the globe

What Did Magellan’s

Voyage Prove?

The World Was RoundThe World Was Larger Than Anyone Imagined

Recap of Magellan’s VoyageFive ships were under his command & three of his

ships attempted mutiny because the journey was exhausting & they were running out of food.

When Magellan learned of this plan to overtake his command. The blame rested on 2 captains. The plan failed because his crews remained loyal to him. He executed the captain who began the mutiny forgiving the other captain, but leaving him marooned on the coast. Magellan quickly regained control of the voyage.

The journey continued. He found a narrow waterway near the southern tip of South America. (The Strait of Magellan)

It was jagged & rocky for 350 miles.

The strong currents & strange winds separated one of the ships from the others.

This ship was forced to return to Spain.

Another of the ships was crushed against the huge rocks. The crew members loaded aboard the other ships and watched the wrecked on go down.

The crew sailed on to Philippines where Magellan made friends with a tribe and its leader.

Magellan even got the leader to accept Christianity.

Magellan agreed to help him in a conflict against another tribe.

The rival chief and his tribe slaughtered Magellan as he came ashore to fight for his new chief friend.

Magellan had written in his will that his indentured servant was to be freed, but the remaining ships’ captains refused to free him

. Magellan’s chief friend from the island sent help to free

the indentured servant & killed 30 crew members in the process of honoring Magellan’s wishes.

All the deaths of crew members in the Philippines prevented the men from sailing all three ships that were remaining.

They burned one of the ships & loaded the other two with crew members.

These remaining ships were loaded with valuable spices.

They realized one of the final two ships was taking on water & it was captured by the Portuguese.

It was completely destroyed in a storm after being taken by Portugal.

The final ship that remained from Magellan’s voyage sailed for home.

20 of the crew died of starvation before making it home.

The captain abandoned 13 more men fearing he would lose his cargo of 26 tons of spices.

When the final few made it home, only four of the original 55 crew members made it back alive to Spain.

Though Magellan died, the crew he began completed the circumnavigation of the globe.

Magellan’s ship was called the Victoria & it was the onlyShip thatmade it back.

What Did Magellan’s Voyage Prove?

• Proved beyond any doubt that the

world was round

• Determined that

the Earth was much

larger than anyone

had ever imagined.

• In 1513, A Spanish explorer named

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida.

• Ponce de Leon was searching for the

fountain of youth.

• It was said to have magical power to

restore youth to any person who drank

from it.

• He described the land as “full of flowers”

• This is what Florida means in Spanish.

Columbian Exchange

When people from different lands came to America, the

continent no one knew even existed, there was an exchange between the

natives and the visitors. This exchange is known as the

Columbian Exchange.

The Native Americans introduced the Europeans to new farming methods and

crops. Many Europeans took corn, tobacco and

peanuts back to Europe from the New World. The most important New World

crop they took back was the potato.Native American inventions were taken back by the Europeans, too.

Hammocks, ponchos, canoes & toboggans.

The Europeans introduced the Native Americans to wheat, oats,

coffee and oranges.They brought animals to the new world that had never been there

before.Pigs

CowsChickenshorsesEuropeans brought g

uns with

them!

The Columbian Exchange

• The most important part of the Columbian

Exchange was the invisible one.

DiseaseEuropeans had immunity to

European disease, butthe Native Americanshad been isolated andnever exposed to thesediseases.

• Chicken Pox, Measles, Small Pox and

Mumps killed millions of Native

Americans.

• The Europeans did catch some Native

American diseases, but it did not wipe out

populations.

• The Native Americans on the island of

Hispaniola were reduced from 1 million to

only 500 in a span of only 50 years.

These deaths were from European

disease.

Who discovered America?Who created the inaccurate map that

Columbus used?Who financed Columbus’ journey?

Who settled the dispute between Spain & Portugal with The Line of

Demarcation?What is the Line of Demarcation?

What agreement did Spain & Portugal sign to finalize this deal?

Who is America’s namesake?Who discovered Florida?

What was he looking for?What does Florida mean?

Who was Vasco de Balboa and why should we remember him?

Of the five ships who set sail with Magellan, how many actually made the complete

journey?What term means to go completely around?

What did Magellan name the ocean and what does this name mean?

What happened to the 2 captains who planned a mutiny against Magellan?

Explain how Magellan died?

What had Magellan ordered to be done in his will, yet his crew refused to honor it?

What two things did Magellan’s voyage prove?

How many of the original crew members made the full voyage?

What was the worst part of the Columbian exchange?

Which island of Native Americans were brought to edge of extinction by the Columbian

exchange? Make a list of things the Europeans gave to

the Native Americans. Make a list of things the Native Americans

gave to the Europeans.

Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Spain & France Build

Empires

Ms. Ronna Williams

•! By 1760, New France had 70,000 people.

•! They began to explore North America.

•! A priest named Jacques Marquette & a fur trader named

Louis Joliet began searching for a waterway the Native

Americans had told them about.

•! They found it- The Mississippi

http://www.vrmag.org/projects/minainvaticano/english/