chapter 1

UniversitiUniversiti TeknologiTeknologi MARA MARA PulauPulau PinangPinangKJC 353 Basic Water & Wastewater Engineering KJC 353 Basic Water & Wastewater Engineering

©©Caroline MarajanCaroline MarajanSemester January 2007 Semester January 2007 –– April 2007April 2007

KJC 353 KJC 353 BASIC WATER & WASTEWATER BASIC WATER & WASTEWATER

ENGINEERINGENGINEERING PART 2 : WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGEPART 2 : WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE



CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER INTRODUCTION TO WATER

SUPPLYSUPPLY



Factors Affecting Water UsesFactors Affecting Water UsesFactors Affecting Water DemandFactors Affecting Water Demand

Historical Development Of Water SupplyHistorical Development Of Water SupplyEnvironmental Issues in Planning For Water SupplyEnvironmental Issues in Planning For Water Supply

Agencies for Water Supply in MalaysiaAgencies for Water Supply in Malaysia


©©Caroline MarajanCaroline MarajanSemester July 2006 Semester July 2006 –– November 2006November 2006

WATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY

Importance of water supply systemImportance of water supply systemWater Crisis Water Crisis -- water supply can be disrupted water supply can be disrupted due to droughtdue to droughtDrought can lead to severely polluted water Drought can lead to severely polluted water sources beyond handling capacity of the sources beyond handling capacity of the treatment plantstreatment plantsPoor monitoring and maintenance in the Poor monitoring and maintenance in the distribution of water supply distribution of water supply –– large amount of large amount of losses and waste in distribution systemlosses and waste in distribution system

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION



INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLYINTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY

CategoryCategory RemarksRemarks

Household Household (Domestic)(Domestic)

Water used for cooking, drinking, general Water used for cooking, drinking, general cleaning, sanitation and garden wateringcleaning, sanitation and garden watering

IndustrialIndustrial

Used in industries Used in industries –– process water which end process water which end up in products or water used for cooling, up in products or water used for cooling, diluting, mixing, quenching, rinsing, diluting, mixing, quenching, rinsing, backwashing and scrubbing to control backwashing and scrubbing to control emissionsemissions

CommercialCommercialInclude water in shops, shopping centre, Include water in shops, shopping centre,

hotels, recreational facilities such as theme hotels, recreational facilities such as theme parks, restaurants and private offices.parks, restaurants and private offices.

Factor Affecting Water UsesFactor Affecting Water Uses




Factor Affecting Water UsesFactor Affecting Water Uses

CategoryCategory RemarksRemarks

InstitutionalInstitutionalWater used in public buildings such as Water used in public buildings such as govgov. .

offices, schools and universities, hospitals and offices, schools and universities, hospitals and correctional facilities (jail, drugs, etc)correctional facilities (jail, drugs, etc)

AgriculturalAgricultural Water used for irrigation system for Water used for irrigation system for padipadiplanting, water used at livestock farmplanting, water used at livestock farm

OthersOthers

Water used to water public parks, fire fighting, Water used to water public parks, fire fighting, general cleaning of public areas and municipal general cleaning of public areas and municipal facilities and water losses due to leakages and facilities and water losses due to leakages and illegal tapingsillegal tapings



POPULATION SIZEPOPULATION SIZE

CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATIONCHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION

INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL ACT.INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL ACT.

WEATHER & CLIMATEWEATHER & CLIMATE

MONITORING & MAINTENANCE OF MONITORING & MAINTENANCE OF WATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY


Factor Affecting Water DemandsFactor Affecting Water Demands



FACTORS AFFECTING WATER DEMANDFACTORS AFFECTING WATER DEMAND

Water demand directly related to the Water demand directly related to the population sizepopulation sizeLarge city like KL Large city like KL –– have higher water have higher water demanddemandPermatangPermatang PauhPauh –– smaller water demandsmaller water demandPopulation density affect the design of the Population density affect the design of the distribution system distribution system -- the dictate the size of the dictate the size of storage tanks & mains size of distributionstorage tanks & mains size of distribution

Population SizePopulation Size




Composition of the population in terms of Composition of the population in terms of economic well being will influence the daily economic well being will influence the daily activitiesactivitiesAffluence (wealth) of the population and social Affluence (wealth) of the population and social norm with regards to water uses also have norm with regards to water uses also have bearing on the amount of water used bearing on the amount of water used High incomes households High incomes households –– demand higher demand higher ––uses of washing machines, dishwashers, uses of washing machines, dishwashers, swimming pools, garden watering, car washingswimming pools, garden watering, car washingLow income Low income –– only for cooking and washing only for cooking and washing clothes and dishesclothes and dishes

Characteristics of PopulationCharacteristics of Population




Large number and high intensity of industrial Large number and high intensity of industrial activities would demand more water compared activities would demand more water compared to cities which are residential and commercialto cities which are residential and commercialShah Shah AlamAlam or or MakMak MandinMandin in in PenangPenang –– exert exert higher water demand compared to towns in higher water demand compared to towns in AlorAlorSetarSetar and and KapitKapit, Sarawak, SarawakWater demand (industry) depend on the type of Water demand (industry) depend on the type of industry, product, plant size and level of water industry, product, plant size and level of water quality requiredquality required

Industrial & Commercial ActivitiesIndustrial & Commercial Activities




Steel Manufacturing PlantSteel Manufacturing PlantExert large demand for water, used as cooling water Exert large demand for water, used as cooling water compared to electronic equipment assembling plantcompared to electronic equipment assembling plant

Water QualityWater QualityImpact on the design of water treatment plantsImpact on the design of water treatment plantsQuality of cooling water in power generation plant Quality of cooling water in power generation plant need not to be the same quality of water used in need not to be the same quality of water used in domesticdomesticSultan Sultan SalahuddinSalahuddin power plant in power plant in KaparKapar –– uses sea uses sea water for cooling water for cooling –– not necessary for authorities to not necessary for authorities to consider this in the design of public water supply consider this in the design of public water supply systemsystem

Industrial & Commercial ActivitiesIndustrial & Commercial Activities




Hot climate and dry season would induce Hot climate and dry season would induce higher water demand for waterhigher water demand for waterDomestic water use in tropical countries Domestic water use in tropical countries more than cold temperate climate like UK, more than cold temperate climate like UK, Germany, Canada, etcGermany, Canada, etc

Weather & ClimateWeather & Climate




To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the systemTo improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the systemScheduled monitoring and regular inspection of Scheduled monitoring and regular inspection of distribution system distribution system –– can reduced water losses due to can reduced water losses due to pipe breaks and illegal tappingpipe breaks and illegal tappingRepair of broken pipes Repair of broken pipes –– help reduce amount of help reduce amount of unaccounted and non revenue waterunaccounted and non revenue waterNon revenue water Non revenue water –– 45% of total water produced at 45% of total water produced at treatment plantstreatment plantsIf the these losses If the these losses –– can be made available to consumerscan be made available to consumersReduce the pressure of finding new sources or need to Reduce the pressure of finding new sources or need to adopt basin transfer in event of water shortage due to adopt basin transfer in event of water shortage due to prolonged drought prolonged drought

Monitoring & Maintenance Water Supply SystemMonitoring & Maintenance Water Supply System




Early Early civilisationcivilisation –– rivers main water rivers main water supplysupplyCities are build near riversCities are build near rivers

KL KL –– communities evolved near rivers for communities evolved near rivers for waterwaterPopulation increases and river bank are Population increases and river bank are overcrowded, people start moving to larger overcrowded, people start moving to larger placeplaceThis creates the need or water to transfer This creates the need or water to transfer from source to usersfrom source to users

Historical Development Of Water SupplyHistorical Development Of Water Supply




Romans build Romans build aquaductaquaduct to bring water to to bring water to several location in citiesseveral location in cities

Collect water from these locations and carry Collect water from these locations and carry back to their homesback to their homesSupply individual homes Supply individual homes –– must have must have invention of pipesinvention of pipesBut water treatment did not go for any water But water treatment did not go for any water treatmenttreatment





As population grows As population grows –– amount of waste amount of waste increasedincreased

Leads to contamination of water supplyLeads to contamination of water supplyEarliest treatment Earliest treatment –– filtration and filtration and sedimentation sedimentation –– improves the appearanceimproves the appearanceBut not the disease carrier But not the disease carrier –– water borne water borne diseases diseases –– cholera, typhoid, cholera, typhoid, dysentrydysentry and and viral hepatitisviral hepatitis





Found that cities with sand filters Found that cities with sand filters –– less less susceptible to these diseasessusceptible to these diseasesEarly 1900s Early 1900s –– UK & USA UK & USA –– used sand used sand filters as part as their treatmentfilters as part as their treatmentSand filters removed most of MO from Sand filters removed most of MO from waterwaterThen chlorination was incorporated by Then chlorination was incorporated by water authorities water authorities –– remains until todayremains until today





Water supply objectives not only to provide Water supply objectives not only to provide sufficient amount of watersufficient amount of waterWater supply objectives also to ensure water Water supply objectives also to ensure water supplied follows the quality characteristics;supplied follows the quality characteristics;

Clear & free from suspended matterClear & free from suspended matterPalatable Palatable –– colorless, odorless and free of unpleasant colorless, odorless and free of unpleasant tastetasteSafe & free from disease carriers or harmful Safe & free from disease carriers or harmful chemicalschemicalsReasonably soft Reasonably soft –– no excessive concentration of no excessive concentration of soap consuming mineral saltssoap consuming mineral salts





Properly designed and managed water Properly designed and managed water supply schemes supply schemes –– tremendous benefitstremendous benefitsWell engineered water supply schemes to Well engineered water supply schemes to control of many diseases, increased control of many diseases, increased agricultural production and greatly agricultural production and greatly improved the quality of human livesimproved the quality of human lives





Historical Development Of Water SupplyHistorical Development Of Water SupplyDams & Reservoirs Dams & Reservoirs

Or/and Or/and WellsWells

Water intake PointsWater intake PointsConduitsConduits

Pumping PlantsPumping Plants

Treatment PlantsTreatment PlantsStorage ReservoirsStorage Reservoirs

Distribution mains and fittingsDistribution mains and fittingsPumping StationsPumping Stations

User StorageUser Storage




Lack of space for Industrial areasLack of space for Industrial areasLocated upstream of water intake points of water Located upstream of water intake points of water treatment plantstreatment plantsEffluents treated and untreated found their way into Effluents treated and untreated found their way into riversriversEffluent containsEffluent contains

VirusesVirusesBacteriaBacteriaDissolved mineralsDissolved mineralsOrganic & Organic & InorganicsInorganics suspended solidssuspended solids

Environmental Issues in Planning for Environmental Issues in Planning for Water SupplyWater Supply




Shut down of WTPShut down of WTPIncrease in pollution level in the riverIncrease in pollution level in the riverShut down due to spillage of diesel oil Shut down due to spillage of diesel oil originating from a quarry originating from a quarry On some plants were shut down because the On some plants were shut down because the concentration of ammonia in river was too concentration of ammonia in river was too highhigh





Intensive agricultural activities Intensive agricultural activities –– use chemical use chemical fertilizers and poorly organized and managed fertilizers and poorly organized and managed livestock farms livestock farms –– caused uncontrollable caused uncontrollable pollution in riverspollution in riversPoor air qualityPoor air quality

Result in contaminated rainfalls and runoffs to river Result in contaminated rainfalls and runoffs to river systemssystemsIncrease in green house gases due to emissions from Increase in green house gases due to emissions from industries and vehicles has led to more heat trapped industries and vehicles has led to more heat trapped in earthin earth’’s atmosphere s atmosphere –– global warmingglobal warming





Deteriorating quality of raw water, much Deteriorating quality of raw water, much more effort and capital need to be more effort and capital need to be invested into water treatment plant to invested into water treatment plant to ensure that consumers receive water ensure that consumers receive water complies to the Standard (WHO) and complies to the Standard (WHO) and Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, MM’’siasia





Institutional & Organizational aspects of water Institutional & Organizational aspects of water supply in Malaysia supply in Malaysia –– complex with various complex with various Government AgenciesGovernment AgenciesState Water Authority carries the following State Water Authority carries the following functionsfunctions

Secure budget to finance new water supply projects Secure budget to finance new water supply projects and to maintain the existing water supply worksand to maintain the existing water supply worksSetting appropriate tariff for water supplied to Setting appropriate tariff for water supplied to consumersconsumersTo comply with standards & monitor water qualityTo comply with standards & monitor water qualityTo study & authorize privatization of projects relatedTo study & authorize privatization of projects related

Agencies of Water Supply in MalaysiaAgencies of Water Supply in Malaysia



AGENCIES OF WATER SUPPLYAGENCIES OF WATER SUPPLY

State Government AgenciesState Government Agencies

StatesStates Water AuthorityWater AuthorityMelakaMelaka, , PulauPulau PinangPinang, , PerakPerak & & Sarawak (Sarawak (KuchingKuching & & SibuSibu))

Water BoardsWater Boards

SelangorSelangor, , WilayahWilayah PersekutuanPersekutuan, , Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, NegeriNegeri SembilanSembilan, , JohorJohor & & TerengganuTerengganu

State Water Supply State Water Supply DepartmentsDepartments

KedahKedah, , KelantanKelantan, , PahangPahang, , PerlisPerlis & & Sarawak Sarawak

State Public Works State Public Works Department Department

WilayahWilayah PersekutuanPersekutuan LabuanLabuan Malaysian Public Malaysian Public Works DepartmentWorks Department




Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies

Federal Agency Federal Agency RoleRolePublic Works Public Works Department Department –– Water Water Supply SectionSupply Section

Responsible for the technical development of Responsible for the technical development of water supply industrywater supply industry

Drainage & Irrigation Drainage & Irrigation DepartmentDepartment

Responsible for Urban Drainage, Agricultural Responsible for Urban Drainage, Agricultural Irrigation and drainage, Coastal Protection, River Irrigation and drainage, Coastal Protection, River Engineering and monitoring of hydrological data. Engineering and monitoring of hydrological data.

Ministry of HealthMinistry of Health Responsible for monitoring potable water Responsible for monitoring potable water quality, monitoring outbreak of water borne quality, monitoring outbreak of water borne diseases and the provision of safe drinking water diseases and the provision of safe drinking water in remote rural areasin remote rural areas




Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies

Federal Agency Federal Agency RoleRole

Ministry of Human Ministry of Human ResourcesResources

To ensure water supplies at estate plantation are To ensure water supplies at estate plantation are adequateadequate

Ministry of Land & Ministry of Land & CooperativesCooperatives

Responsible for water provision to Responsible for water provision to FeldaFelda schemes and other regional development areasschemes and other regional development areas

Prime Ministers Prime Ministers Department Department –– Economic Planning Economic Planning UnitUnit

Responsible for medium and long term planning Responsible for medium and long term planning and controlling the allocations of fund for the and controlling the allocations of fund for the water supply sectorwater supply sector

chapter 1

Technology

quality of water

water losses

water supplyfactor

water supplyagencies

sea water

water supply factor

industries process water

polluted water sources