chapter - 06 - e-thaksalawa · ,ytrg; ghle}y; tpepnahfj;jpw;fhf77 tuyhw> juk; - 11 06...

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 1177

06

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l murpay;> nghUshjhu

khw;wq;fis ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Nghk;.

1948 ,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;jijj; njhlu;e;J ghuhSkd;w

[dehafk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;Fj; Njitahd>

v murpay; fl;rp Kiw

v mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;)

vd;gd gw;wp mwptJld; 1972 Mk; 1978 Mk; Mz;Lf; FbauR

ahg;Gfisg; gw;wpAk; fw;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;

Rfhjhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly; Kjypa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

gw;wp fw;gJld; 1948 Kjy; 1977 tiu ,yq;ifah; ngw;W nfhz;l

eyd;Gup NritfSk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.

[dehafk;

v etPd Ml;rp Kiwfspy; [dehafk; kpfTk; gpugy;akhdJ.

v “kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhd kf;fspd; Ml;rp” [dehafk; vd;gJ If;fpa

mnku pf ;fht pd ; 16Mk ; [dhj pgj p Mg pufhk ;y pq ;fd pd ;

tiutpyf;fzkhFk;.

v “midtUf;Fk; chpikfs; fpilf;Fk; Xh; Ml;rp Kiw” vd;W rPyu;

vDk; murpay; mwpQu; [dehafj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

Neub [dehafk;

Guhjd fpNuf;fj;jpy; vnjd;];> ];ghl;lh Kjypa efu muRfspy;

Neub [dehafk; epytpaJ. mq;F xd;W $ba gpui[fs; Ml;rp epu;thfk;

njhlh;ghd KbTfis vLj;jdu;.

gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk;

thf;Fupik cs;s gpui[fs; Ml;rp eltbf;iffSf;fhfj; jkJ

gpujpepjpfisj; Njh;jy; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fj; njupT nra;jy;

gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; vdg;gLk;.

jw;NghJ cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf

Ml;rpNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. rdj;njhif mjpfupj;jik> kdpj

Njitfs; mjpfupj;jik> Kjypa fhuzq;fshy; Neub [dehafj;ij

nraw;gLj;JtJk; Kbahj fhupakhFk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf gpujpepjpj;Jt

[dehafk; ,d;W eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,yq;if

78,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11

[dehafk; ntw;wpaspg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpfs; ,uz;L>

v Rje;jpuk;

v rkj;Jtk;.

Rje;jpuk;

midtUk; r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhf tho;tjw;fhd cupikiag;

ngw;wpUj;jy; Rje;jpukhFk;.

rkj;Jtk;

gpui[fs; midj;J mbg;gil cupikfisAk; mDgtpg;gjw;F

r%fj;jpy; rkj;Jtk; epyt Ntz;Lk;.

[dehafj;jpd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfs;

v ru;trd thf;Fupik.

v fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Nju;jy; eilngWjy;.

v murpay; mwpT gilj;j kf;fs;

v murpay; fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLjy;

murpay; fl;rpKiw

gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd MAjk; murpay; fl;rpfshFk;.

fl;rp Kiwiaj; jtpu;j;J [dehaf murpaiyg; gw;wp NgrKbahj

msTf;F ,uz;Lk; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd.

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ghuhSkd;w [dehafj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;J

tjw;fhf 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; murpay; fl;rpfs; Muk;gkhfpd. ,d;W

[dehafj;jpd; mbg;gilNa murpay; fl;rpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Ml;rpAhpikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; murpay; fl;rpfs;

jkJ nfhs;ifia kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Kd;itf;fpd;wd. murpay;>

nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> ntsptptfhu> r%feyd;Gup Kjypa

Jiwfspy; jhk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; NghFk; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp fl;rp

nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fkspf;Fk;.

nghJ kf;fs; fl;rpfspd; nfhs;iffSf;Nfw;g jdJ ngWkjp kpf;f

thf;Ffis Nju;jypd; NghJ jkf;F tpUg;gkhd fl;rpfSf;F toq;Ftu;.

Nju;jypd; NghJ mspf;fg;gl;l nry;Ygbahd thf;Ffspd;gb murhq;ff;

fl;rpAk; vjpu;f;fl;rpAk; njupT nra;ag;gLk;.

,U fl;rp Kiw

xU ehl;by; ,uz;L fl;rpfs; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ ,U

fl;rp Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,k;KiwNa rpwg;ghd [dehaf Ml;rpf;F

toptFf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy; gykhd MSk; fl;rpAk; gykhd vjpu;f;fl;rpAk;


mikAk;. murpay; fl;rpKiw Muk;gkhd gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Muk;gf;

fhyj;jpy; ,U fl;rpfNs ,Ue;jd. vdpDk; jw;NghJ gyf; fl;rpfs;

cs;sd. ,d;Wk; mq;F njhopw;fl;rp goikNgz; fl;rp (nfhz;rNtl;bt;)

Mfpa ,U fl;rpfSs; xd;Nw Ml;rpf;F tUfpd;wd.vdNt ,q;fpyhe;J

,Uf;fl;rp Kiw nfhz;l ehlhf fUjg;gLfpwJ If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk;

Kf;fpa fl;rpfs; ,uz;L khwp> khwp Ml;rpf;F tUfpd;wd. vdNt

me;ehl;bYk; ,U fl;rpKiw epyTtjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

gy fl;rp Kiw

xU ehl;by; ,uz;Lf;Fk; mjpfkhd fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ

gy fl;rp KiwahFk;. N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp Kjypa INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk;

,e;jpah> ,yq;if Kjypa Mrpa ehLfspYk; gy fl;rp KiwNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;)

,yq;ifapy; 1947 Nrhy;gup murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; %yNk Nfgpdw;

vdg;gLk; mikr;ruit mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; gpujkNu

mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu ; . ghuhSkd;w Ml;r pKiwapy;

mikr;ruitNa epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwahfr; nraw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; epu;thf

eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa KOg; nghWg;Gk; mikr;ruit rhu;e;jjhfNt

,Ue;jJ. nghJ epjpiaf; ifahSjy;> nfhs;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;>

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jpl;lkply; Kjypa nghWg;Gf;fSk; mikr;ruit

rhu;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jd.

mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg;nghWg;G

ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg;

nghWg;G Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

v murhq;fk; nraw;gLj;j cj;Njrpj;Js;s rl;lq;fisg; gw;wp ve;jnthU

mikr;rUk; mikr;ruitapy; jkJ fUj;ij njuptpf;fTk;>

tpku;rpf;fTk; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

v MapDk; mikr;ruitf; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du; mikr;ruit

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KbTfspy; midj;J mikr;ru ;fSf;Fk;

$l;Lg;nghWg;G ,Ue;jJ.

v Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l mikr;ruit Kbnthd;W rk;ge;jkhf

mikr;ru;fsplk; fUj;J NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjidg;

gfpuq;fkhf tpku;rpf;ff; $lhJ. mt;thW nra;jhy; mikr;ruitf;

nfhs;if mu;j;jkw;wjhtJld; KO mikr;ruitAk; ,Of;fila

NeupLk;.


v mikr;ruit Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KbTfSf;Ff; $l;Lg; nghWg;G tfpf;f

Kbahj mikr;ru; xUtu; ,Ue;jhy; mtu; jdJ mikr;ru;

gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

v mt;thwpy;yhky; mikr;ru; xUtu; gfpuq;fkhf mikr;ruitr;

nraw;ghLfis tpku;rpj;jhy; mtiu ePf;Fk; cupik epiwNtw;Wj;

Jiwapd; jiytuplk; (gpujku;) fhzg;gl;lJ.

v Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;gb mikr;ruitg; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;

$Wtjw;F flikg;gl;bUe;jJ.

~~$l;Lg; nghWg;G vDk; mj;jpthuj;jpd; kPNj mikr;ruit vDk; fl;llk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ||

mikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;Gmikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;Gmikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;Gmikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;Gmikr;ruitapd; fl;likg;G

Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jjpypUe;J 1978 tiu nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay;

jpl;lj;jpy; mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; gpujk ke;jphpahthh;.

mikr;ruitia epakpg;gJ gpujkupd; MNyhridf;F ,zq;f

ngausT epu;thfpahyhFk;. 1948 - 1972 tiu MSeu; ehafKk;

1972 - 1978 tiu [dhjpgjpAk; ,g;gjtpia tfpj;jdu;.

1978 - murpay; jpl;lg;gb mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuKs;s [dhjpgjpahthu;.

mikr;ru;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;Nf cupajhFk;.

nraw;ghL:

mikr;ruitapd; nraw;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;

tFg;giwapy; khjpup mikr;ruit xd;iw elj;jpf; fhl;Lf. gpujk

mikr;rUld; 4 my;yJ 5 mikr;ru;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mjid

mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.

,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiw tsu;r;rp

,yq;ifapy; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,af;fq;fs;

gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; ghuhSkd;w [dehafj;ijr;

nraw;gLj;jf;$ba fl;rpfshf mit xOq;fike;J fhzg;gltpy;iy.

1928 ,y; v. <. Fzrpq;fhtpd; jiyikapy; njhopyhsu; fl;rp

Muk;gkhdJ.

,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs;

,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;W Nkw;gbg;gpw;fhf

gpupjhdpahTf;Fr; nrd;w cau; Fohj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,isQu;fSf;Fk;

mq;F nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l ghuhSkd;w [dehaf Ml;rpgw;wpa mDgtj;ijg;


ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. jha;

ehl;bw;F jpUk;gp te;j mtu;fs; RNjr kf;fis

Ml;rp nra;Ak; v[khdh;fshFk; Nehf;fpy;

nraw;gl;ldu;.

mtu;fs; jkJ Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;F Nkw;

nfhz;l ,lJrhup ,af;f eltbf;iffis

ntw;wpfukhff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; nghUl;L 1935

,y; “yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp” vDk; murpay;

fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jdh;. fyhepjp vd;. vk;. ngNuuh

mf;fl;rpapd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.

1936 ngg;gutup khjj;jpy; eilngw;w

,uz;lhtJ mur fofj;Jf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fisj;

njupT nra;Ak; fhyfl;lj;jpy; yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp rpwg;ghd Kiwapy;

xOq;fike;J fhzg;gl;lJ. MapDk; fl;rpapDs; Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghL

mf;fl;rpia ,uz;lhfg; gpsTwr; nra;jJ. mjd; tpisthf>

v 1943 ,y; v];. V. tpf;ukrpq;f mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; “,yq;if

nfhkpA+dprf; fl;rp” cUthdJ.

v 1943 Mk; Mz;bNyNa fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; Mu;. b. rpy;th jiyikapy;

“Nghy;N\tpf; nydpd;dp]f; fl;rp” cUthdJ.

1947 Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ ,yq;ifapd; ,lJrhhpj; jiytu;fshy;>

v yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp

v Nghy;N\tpf; nydp]f; fl;rp

v nfhkpA+dprf; fl;rp

v njhopyhsh; fl;rp

vDk; gy fl;rpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

1947 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj; Njh;jy; eilngWk; NghJ ,lJrhupfs;

,af;fk; ,t;thW gy gpupTfshfg; gpupe;J ntt;Ntwhf nraw;gl;lik

,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiw tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp

1947,y; NghJj; NjHjypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhf gzk;gilj;j tFg;gpdu;

murpay; fl;rpnahd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;. vdNt

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;> mfpy ,yq;if Nrhdfu; rq;fk;> rpq;fs kfh

rig> mfpy ,yq;if K];yPk;ypf; Kjypatw;iw ,izj;J 1946 ,y;

b. v];. Nrdhehaf;f jdJ jiyikapy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia

cUthf;fpdhu;. jkpo; fhq;fpu];> ,yq;if ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; vd;gdTk;

fl;rpfshf xOq;fike;J nraw;gl;ld.

fyhepjp vd;. vk;. ngNuuhglk; 6.1


Vida fl;rpfs; mikf;fg;gl;likVida fl;rpfs; mikf;fg;gl;likVida fl;rpfs; mikf;fg;gl;likVida fl;rpfs; mikf;fg;gl;likVida fl;rpfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik

murpay; fl;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1947,y; ,lk; ngw;w

nghJj; Nju;jypypUe;J ,yq;ifapy; gy fl;rp Kiwik nraw;glj;

njhlq;fpaJ.

1947 nghJj; Nju;jypd; gpd;du; ~~,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp||apypUe;J

tpyfpa gpypg; Fztu;j;jd mtu;fs; ~~Gul;rpfu

rkrkh[f; fl;rp||ia mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

1949,y; v];.N[.tp. nry;tehafk; mtu;fspd;

jyikapy; ~~,yq;ifj; jkpouRf; fl;r p | |

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; c U t h d

,d uPjpahd KjyhtJ murpay; fl;rp ,Jntd;W

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

1951,y; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs;

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapypUe;J tpyfp> 1952 ,y;

~~=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp||ia Muk;gpj;Jf;

nfhz;lhu;.

,ytrf; fy;tpapd; gydhy; cUthd fw;NwhUk;> gpf;FfSk;> RNjr

itj;jpau;fSk;> Mrpupau;fSk;> tptrhapfSk;> njhopyhsUk; Nru;e;j

Ik;ngUk; rf;jpfSk; Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiar; #o mzpjpuz;ldu;.

1965,y; Nuh`z tpN[tPu mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; ~~kf;fs;

tpLjiy Kd;dzp|| cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

1977 ,y; ~,lJrhup If;fpa Kd;dzp| cUthf;fg;gl;lJk; ,yq;if

murpay; fl;rp tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd xU fl;lkhFk;.

w ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp

w ,yq;if fkpA+dp]f; fl;rp

w =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapypUe;J gpupe;J te;j FOtpduhd

~~kf;fs; [dehaff; fl;rp||

w kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapypUe;J gpupe;J te;j FOtpduhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l ~~kf;fs; tpLjiy fl;rp||

,it midj;Jk; xd;wpize;Nj ~~,lJrhup If;fpa Kd;dzp||

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;tpjkhf ,yq;ifapd; murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; tuyhw;iw

Nehf;Fifapy; ,e;ehl;by; gy; fl;rp Kiw nraw;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

,jdhy; cWjpahd murhq;fk; xd;iw mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ rpukkhAs;sJ. ,jdhy;

gy fl;rpfs; xd;wpize;J $l;lurhq;fq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJ

Jyhk;gukhd mk;rkhFk;.

v];.N[.tp.nry;tehafk;

glk; 6.2


Nju;jy; Kiwapd; tuyhWNju;jy; Kiwapd; tuyhWNju;jy; Kiwapd; tuyhWNju;jy; Kiwapd; tuyhWNju;jy; Kiwapd; tuyhW

1947 nghJj; Nju;jy;

Kjy; Kiwahf ,yq;ifapy; fl;rp mbg;gilapyhd Nju;jy; 1947

,y; eilngw;wJ. thf;fhsu;fSk; jkJ ngWkjpahd thf;Ffs; %yk;

ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F jkJ gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;jdu;. ,j;Njh;jypy;

fl;rpfs; jtpu;e;j 182 RNal;ir Ntl;ghsu;fSk; Nghl;bapl;ldu;.

1947 - nghJj; Nju;jy; KbTfs;

murpay; fl;rp fpilj;j Mrdq;fs;

01. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 42

02. njhopyhsu; fl;rp 01

03. yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp 10

04. RNal;irfs; 21

05. Nghy;N\tpf; nydpd; fl;rp 05

06. nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp 03

07. ,yq;if> ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; 06

08. jkpou; rq;fk; 07

,j; Nju;jy; KbTfis mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ xU

fl;rpf;fhtJ 50% Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

Kbatpy;iy vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. vdNt mjpf

Mrdq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpa I. Nj. fl;rp RNal;ir

cWg;gpdu;fisAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L Ml;rpia

mikj;jJ. jkpou; fhq;fpu]; murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;jJ.

,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpujkh;

b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f Mthu;

gpujku;

b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f

glk; 6.3


v MSk; fl;rpapy; Nfgpdw; gpujp epjpfs; ,lk;ngw;wdu;.

v mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;) 14 mikr;ru;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

v 1952 ,y; g pujkh ; b.v]; .Nrdhehaf ;f fhykhd NghJmt;ntw;wplj;jpw;F md;dhupd; kfd; ll;ypNrdhehaf;f njupthdhu;. mtu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;dNu ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;J Gjpa Nju;jy; xd;iw elhj;jpdhu;.

v 1952 ,y; eilngw;w Nju;jy; KbTfspd;gb l;lypNrdhehaf ;f g pujkuhdhu ; . ghuhSkd;wnjhFjpfspy; 54 ,y; ,f;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wJ.

v 1953 ,y; eilngw;w murhq;fj;Jf;nfjpuhd`u;j;jhy; fhuzkhf gpujku; ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fgjtp tpyf Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty gpujkuhfg;gjtpNaw;whu;.

v 1956 ,y; eilngwtpUe;j nghJj; Nju;jYf;F

Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Kfkhf v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; jd;Dld; vjpu;f;fl;rptupirapy; ,Ue;j gpypg; Fztu;jd kw;Wk;RNal;ir cWg;gpdu;fs; rpyiuAk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;L “kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp”iamikj;jhu;.

v 1956 ,y; eilg;ngw;w nghJj;Nju;jypy;

ntw;wpg;ngw;w v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;fmtu;fs; gpujkuhfpdhu.;

KjyhtJ mikr;ruit

glk; : 6.4

ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fglk; 6.5

v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f

glk; 6.6


v 1959Mk; Mz;L jpU. v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;fh

nfhiy nra;ag;glNt mf;fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j jpU.

tp[ahde;jh j`hehaf;fh rpwpJ fhyk; gpujkuhf

flikahw;wpdhu;..

v 1960Mk; Mz;L ,uz;L Nju;jy;fs; eilngw;wd.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; 151 tiu

$l;lg;gl;ld. 18 taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; Kjd; Kiwahf

,j;Nju;jypy; thf;fspj;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

1960Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; eilg;ngw;w Nju;jypy;

vf;fl;rpAk; ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fisg; ngwtpy;iy.

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 50 Mrdq;fisAk;> =yq;fh

Rje;jpuf; fl;rp 46 Mrdq;fisAk; ngw;wd. kpFjpahd 55Mrdq;fis

Vida fl;rpfs; ngw;wd.mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gy fl;rpfs; xd;wpize;J

jpU. ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fhtpd; jiyikapy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd;

Ml;rpia epWtpd.vdpDk; ghuhSkd;w tuT nryT jpl;l ciuAld;

murhq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

v mjd; gpd;du;1960 [{iy 20Me; jpfjp NkYk; xU nghJj;Nju;jy;eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd;jiytp jpUkjp rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f gpujkuhdhu;. mtu; Muk;gj;jpy;nrdw; rigapd; epakd mq;fj;jtuhf epakpf;fg;gl;NlghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpuNtrpj;jhu;. jpUkjp gz;lhuehaf;fh mtu;fNs cyfpy;KjyhtJ ngz; gpujkuhthu;. ,J ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdxU epfo;thFk;. gj;jpupif epWtdq;fis kf;fSilikahf;FtJnjhlu;ghd gpur;rpidahy; jpU. rp.gp.B rpy;thtpd; jiyikapy; 14ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; murhq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpajhy; 1964 Mk;Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; murhq;fk;Njhy;tpAw;wJ.

v gpd;du; 1965 khu;r; khjk; mLj;j Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypYk;murhq;fj;ij mikf;ff;$ba ngUk;ghd;ikia ve;jf; fl;rpAk;ngwtpy;iy. vdpDk; rpy fl;rpfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;W If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp Ml;rpia mikj;jJ. jpU. ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fh ehd;fhtJKiwahf gpujkuhdhu;. ,e;j murhq;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu mjhtJmjd; MAl; fhykhd 1970Mk; Mz;L tiu ePbj;jJ.

v 1970Mk; Mz;L Nju;jiy vjpu ;Nehf;Fk; nghUl;L =yq;fhRje;jpuf;fl;rpahdJ fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp> yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rpvd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J nghJf; $l;lzpia mikj;jJ. fl;rpap;y;Vw;gl;l nfhs;if NtWghl;lhy; 1975Mk; Mz;L yq;fh rkrkh[f;fl;rpAk; 1976 Mk; Mz;L fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk; murhq;fj;jpypUe;Jtpyf;fpd.

v 1977Mk; Mz;L eilg;ngw;w nghJj;Nju;jypy; jpU N[.Mu;.[atu;j;jdtpd; jiyikapy; If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rpgPlNkwpaJ.

lg;spA+. j`ehaf;f

glk; 6.7


mJtiu Ml;rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; vy;yhk; Gjpa murpay;ahg;gpd; Njitia czh;e;jpUe;j NghjpYk; mjw;fhd tha;g;G 1970nghJj; Njh;jypd; gpd;dNu fpilj;jJ.

cq;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ahg;Gj;

jpl;l rigahf xd;W $Ltjw;Fk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;nghd;iw

tiutjw;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij toq;FkhW ehk; cq;fsplk; Nfl;Lf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. me;j ahg;gpd;gb jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAk; cs;s

Fbaurhf ,yq;ifia khw;WtJld; Nrh\ypr> [dehaf

Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; rfy Fbkf;fspdJk; kdpj

cupikfisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd

ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. 1970 If;fpa Kd;dzpapd; Njh;jy;

tpQ;Qhgdj;jpypUe;J.

1970 Nju;jypy; jpUkjp rpwPkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fspd; If;fpa

Kd;dzp %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G.

1947 Kjy; 1972 tiu ,yq;ifapy; Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;G

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ahg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;if Rje;jpuk;

mile;jhYk;$l mr;Rje;jpuk; KOikahdjhff; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

njhlu;e;Jk; ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; nraw;gLk; epiyNa

fhzg;gl;lJ. Kbapd; gpujpepjpahf Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;gpy; MSeu;

ehafk; fhzg;gl;lhu;.

Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; vit vd Kjyhk;

mj;jpahaj;ij thrpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

NkYk; ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy; gpupj;jhdpah

jiyapLtjw;F Nrhy;ghp ahg;G toptFj;jJld; vkJ rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;

Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd rfy tplaq;fspYk; gpupj;jhdpa nry;thf;Ff;

fhzg;gl;lJ. 1950fspy; ,yq;ifapd; murpay;thjpfs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs;>

vOj;jhsh;fs; Kjypa r%fg; gpujhdpfs; G+uz jd;dhjpf;fKila Rje;jpu

ahg;nghd;wpd; Njit gw;wp Rl;bf; fhl;bdu;. 1948 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;

nraw;gl;l Nrhy;gup ahg;G “nlhkPdpad; me;j];J” vDk; Rahl;rpia

kl;LNk ,yq;iff;F toq;fpapUe;jikAk; Gjpa ahg;gpw;fhd mtrpaj;ij

cUthf;fhJ.

1948 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; nraw;gl;l Nrhy;gup ahg;G “nlhkPdpad;

me;j];J|| vDk; Rahl;rpia kl;LNk ,yq;iff;F toq;fpapUe;jik.


kf;fs; Miziag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Gjpa

murhq;fk; 1970 [{iy 10 Mk; jpfjp

ahg;Gj; jpl;l rigia epWtpaJ. ahg;Gj;

jpl;lrig tiue;j “,yq;if rdehaf

Nrhrypr FbauR ahg;G” 1972 Nk khjk; 22

Mk; jpfjp mKYf;F te;jJ.

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd;Nehf;fq;fs;.01. ,yq;ifiaj; jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAk;

nfhz;l Fbaurhf;Fjy;.

02. Nrhrypr> [dehaf r%fnkhd;iwf ;fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ahg;G uPjpahd fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

03. ehl;L kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; mbg;gilcupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

1972 Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;

01. mJtiu “yq;fh” vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;l ,yq;if> 1972Kjy; = yq;fh vDk; ngauhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

02. 1956 ,y; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;l %yk; mur fUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;bUe;jrpq;fsk;> murpay; ahg;Gr; rl;l %yk; NkYk; cWjpgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

03. ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

04. kf;fs; ,iwikia epiyehl;Ljy;> Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifg;ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F ,iwik mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.Mdhy; FbauR ahg;gpd; Kjyhk; mj;jpahaj;jpNy kf;fs; ,iwikgw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

kf;fs; ,iwik ghJfhf;fg;gl;l topfs;

01. ru;trd thf;Fupik.

02. mbg;gil kdpj cupik vd;gd ahg;gpdhy;ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld.

v kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf;nfhz;l Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy; kf;fs;,iwik nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

- 1972 ahg;gpd; 3 Mk; 4 Mk; ruj;J.

v rl ;lk ; > e ph ;thfk ; > e Pj p vd ;w Kj ;Jiwmjpfhuq;fSk;kf;fs; ,iwikAld; $ba NjrpamuRg; Nguitahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

5 Mk; ruj;J.

rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;fglk; 6.8

nfhy;tpd;Mu;. b. rpy;th

glk; 6.9


05. MSeu; ehafk; vDk; gjtpf;Fg; gjpyhf [dhjpgjp vDk; ehkepu;thfg; gjtp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;gb ,yq;if murpd;jiytpahf gpupj;jhdpa kfhuhzpNa tpsq;fpdhh;. rl;lkpaw;Wjy;>epu;thfk;> ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;Gfs; vy;yhk; mtupd; ngauhNyNaepiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. kfhuhzpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; Kbapd; gpujpepjpahdMSeu; ehafj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.

1972 FbauR ahg;G MSeh; ehafk; gjtpia ePf;fpaJld; ngausTepu;thfpahf [dhjpgjp gjtpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpagpd; gpupj;jhdpakfhuhzpapd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; Kbtile;jJ. vdNt ,yq;if murpd;jiytuhf FbauR [dhjpgjp ngausT epu;thfpahfg; gjtp tfpj;jhu;.,tu; gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

ehk epu;thfpahd KjyhtJ [dhjpgjp ahu;? mtu; vt;thW epakdk;ngw;whu;? mtupd; mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; ahit? vd;gtw;iwtpsf;Ff.

06. 1948 Kjy; nraw;gl;l ,uz;L rigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;ePf;fg;gl;L xw;iwr; rigiaf; nfhz;l “Njrpa muRg;Nguit”epWtg;gl;lJ. ,JNt kf;fs; ,iwikia nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpAau;jhgdkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;

kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l Njrpa muRg;

Nguit %yk; nraw;gly;

kf;fspd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mjpfhuk;

kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspUe;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l

gpujku;> mikr;ru; mlq;fpa mikr;ruit %yk; nraw;gly;.

kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;

kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; cau; ePjpkd;wk;

cs;spl;l ePjpkd;wj; njhFjpapd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. me;j

ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfs; nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpahd gpujkupd;

rpghu;RfSf;F mika [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.

kf;fspd; ,iwik nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; topfs;

v rl;lj;Jiw %yk; rl;lkpaw;wg;gLk;.

v epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw %yk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.

v ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

nraw;ghL

“1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G %yk; kf;fs; ,iwik cWjpg;gLj;jg;

-gl;lJ.” ,f;fUj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd jfty;fisj; jpul;Lq;fs;.


nraw;ghL

v 1947 Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpd;gb rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk;.

1972 FbauR ahg;gpd;gb rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; ,U

FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J xg;gpl;L Muha;e;J mwpf;if xd;iw

Kd;itf;f.

08.gpujkhpd; jyikapyhd mikr;ruit (epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw)08.gpujkhpd; jyikapyhd mikr;ruit (epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw)08.gpujkhpd; jyikapyhd mikr;ruit (epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw)08.gpujkhpd; jyikapyhd mikr;ruit (epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw)08.gpujkhpd; jyikapyhd mikr;ruit (epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw)

nghJj; Nju;jy; xd;wpd; gpd;du; mjpf Mrdq;fisg; ngw;w fl;rpapd;

jiytu; gpujkuhf epakdk; ngWthu;. gpujku; jdf;F ek;gpf;ifahd

rpNu\;l cWg;gpdu;fis mikr;ru;fshf epakdk; nra;J (nfgpdl;)

mikr;ruitia cUthf;Fthu;. ,e;j epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ

rl;lj;Jiw ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;. gpujkupd;

MNyhridg;gb ngausT epu;thfpahd [dhjpgjpNa mikr;ru;fis

epakdk; nra;thu;. Nrhy;gup mikr;ruitf;Fk;> ,t;tikr;ruitf;Fk;

ngupjsthd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld;

ehl;il epu;tfpg;gjw;Ff; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.

09. RahjPdkhd ePjpkd;wk;

1947 ahg;gpd; fl;lisr; rl;lg;gb fhzg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiwf;Fg; gjpyhf

1972 FbauR ahg;G ePjpkd;w fl;likg;G xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdNt

Gjpa ahg;gpy;>

Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; flikfs;

v kf;fspd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy;.

v nghJ epjpiag; gupghydk; nra;jy;.

v ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; kf;fspd; FiwghLfisj;jPu;j;jy;.

v murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk;> ahg;G khw;wk; Kjypatw;iwNkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

07. 1972 FbauR ahg;G mKy;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;dh; 1971 ,y; ,yq;ifg;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nky; rigahd nrdw;rig ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdNt1972 ,y; xw;iwr; rigiaf; nfhz;l rl;lkpaw;Wk; JiwahfNjrpa muRg; Nguit fhzg;gl;lJ.

,t;thW Njrpa murNguitf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; kf;fs;gpujpepfspd; %yk; kf;fs; epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gl;lJ.Gjpa ahg;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; kf;fsplNk cs;sJ vd;gJcWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.


01. 1973 Mk; Mz;L 44 Mk; ,yf;f ePjpj;Jiw fl;lisr; rl;lk;.

02. njhopyhsu; gpur;rpid rl;l %yk;.

03. K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;J rl;l %yk;.

Mfpa cg ruj;Jf;fisAk; cl;gLj;jp ePjpkd;w epWtdq;fspd;njhFjpnahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

01. cr;r ePjpkd;wk;.

02. Nky; ePjpkd;wk;.

03. khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;.

04. ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;.

05. njhopy; ePjpkd;wk;.

06. fhjp ePjpkd;wk;.

07. murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wk;.

,e;ePjp kd;wj; njhFjpfSs; gpujhdkhd ,uz;L cr;r

ePjpkd;wKk;> Nky; ePjpkd;wKkhFk;.

khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; me;je;j khtl;lq;fspd; Fbapay;

tof;FfisAk;> ePjthd; ePjpkd;wq;fs; me;je;j khtl;lj;jpd; Fw;wtpay;

tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPu;g;gspf;Fk; nghWg;ig nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

njhopyhsu; ePjp kd;wq;fs; njhopy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisf;

ifahs;fpd;wd.

ePjpj; Jiwapd; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ePjpr; Nrit

MNyhridr; rigAk;> ePjpNrit xOq;fhw;W rigAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

1972 tiu ,yq;if ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Fw;wthspahfj; jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;l

xUtUf;F gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gpuPtpf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;Ak;

cupik ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; 1972 ahg;gpd;gb mJ Kw;whf ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

1962,y; ,lk;ngw;w muRf;F vjpuhd rjpg;Gul;rpahsh;fSf;F ,yq;if

ePjpkd;wk; toq;fpa jPu;g;ig vjph;j;J Fw;whthspfs; md;iwa jpdNk

g pu Pt pf ;fTd;r pYf ;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra ;J mjD}lhf

tpLjiyahdhu;fs;. ,J ,yq;ifapd; jd;dhjpf;fj;Jf;F rthyhf

mike;jJ.

nraw;ghL

“gpupj;jhdpa gpuPtpf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak; cupik

ePf;fg;gl;likahdJ ,yq;if kf;fspd; ,iwikiag; ghJfhf;Fk;

nrayhf mike;jJ.” ,f;fUj;J njhlu;ghf ckJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.


10. mbg;gil kdpj cupikAk;> Rje;jpuKk;

,yq;if murpay; ahg;nghd;wpy; ~~mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;||

Kjd; Kjyhf Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ 1972 FbauR ahg;gpyhFk;. ahg;gpd; 6 Mk;

mj;jpahaj;jpd; 18 (I) ruj;jpy; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.


1. mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.

2. 1972 FbauR ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cupikfs; rpytw;iw

Rth;g;gj;jpupifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

1948 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;jJ.

md;W gpupj;jhdpah toq;fpa nlhkPdpad; me;j];jpypUe;J tpLgl;L cz;ikahd

Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wj;je;jJ 1972Mk; Mz;bd; Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;ghFk;.


1. 1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;ghdJ ,yq;ifia jd;dhjpf;fKk;

,iwikAKs;s Fbaurhf khw;wpaikj;jJ. ,J gw;wp ckJ

fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f.

2. 1947 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpYk; 1972 FbauR ahg;gpYk; xj;j jd;ikfisAk;

vjpuhd jd;ikfisAk; gl;baypLf.

1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;G

1977Mk; [{iy khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp Mz;L eilngw;w Nju;jypy;

50 % f;F Nkw;gl;l thf;FfisAk; 80 % f;F Nkw;gl;l Mrdq;fisAk;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd jiyikapyhd If;fpa Njrpaf;

fl;rp Ml;rp mikj;jJ.

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpid

mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd G+u;thq;f Ntiyfis N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

xj;j jd;ikfs; vjpuhd jd;ikfs;

1947 1972 1947 1972

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)


N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd

glk; 6.10

Gjpa murpay; ahg;nghd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd;

Nehf;fq;fs;.

rpy ehLfspy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw Neubahf

thf;fhsh;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. me;

epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ ahg;G rPu;jpUj;jj;ij

vjpu;ghu;f;fhJ nraw;gLtjhFk;. gpuhd;rpd; Gjpa

ahg;ghdJ If;fpa mnkupf;f ahg;Gk;> gpupj;jhdpa

ahg;Gk; Nru;e ;J cUthdjhFk;. mq;F

fhzg;gLk; epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ kpfTk;

gyk; tha;e;jjhFk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; njupT

nra;ag;gLk; epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ njupT

nra;NthUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk; ghuhSkd;wf;

Fw;wg; gpNuuizfisg; gw;wp mr;rq; nfhz;Lk;

nraw;glhJ rupahd KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd

rf;jpAld; mjpfhuj;jpy; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F

me;epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapdhy; KbAk;.

,d;W mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfs; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ,e;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; ,d;wpaikahjJ

vd;gNj vdJ fUj;jhFk;.

N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd

Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d vd;gij mjd; %yfu;j;jhthd

N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jdtpd; $w;W %yNk njupe;J nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;.

,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

01. [dehaff; Nrh\yprf; Fbaurpd; Nehf;fq;fis ,\;l

G+u;j;jpahf;fy;.

02. gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd; ntw;wpf;fhf epiyahd FbauRf;

nfhs;iffis cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

03. jhu;kPf Rje;jpu munrhd;iw cUthf;fy;.

04. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> ePjp> mbg;gil cupik> RahjPdkhd

ePjpkd;wk; vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jy;.


Nehf;fq;fq;fis miltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gbKiwfisg;

ghu;g;Nghk;

kf;fs; ,iwik

v ,yq;if rdehaf Nrhryprf; Fbaurpd; murpay; ahg;G ehl;bd;

cah; rl;lkhFk;.

v 1978 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ,iwik vd;w gjk; %yk; cau;

mjpfhuNk Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.

v 1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;Gk; ,e;j cau; mjpfhuj;ij

kf;fsplNk ifaspj;Js;sJ.

kf;fs; ,iwik nraw;gLk; tpjk;

01. thf;Fhpikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;.

02. mbg;gil kdpj cupikfis mDgtpj;jy;.

03. rl;lk;> eph;thfk;> ePjp vDk; Kj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisAk; kf;fs;

cupikahf;Fjy;.

v kf;fspd; rl;l mjpfhuk; :

kf;fshy; Nju;jy; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLk; ghuhSkd;w

cWg;gpdh;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftu;.

v kf;fspd; epu;thf mjpfhuk; :

Nju;jy; %yk; kf;fshy; Neubahfj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjpAk;

mtuhy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; mikr;ruitAk; epu;thf eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

v kf;fspd; ePjpkd;wk; :

kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjpahy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk;

ePjpgjpfshy; Nky; ePjpkd;wKl;gl Vida ePjp kd;wq;fshYk; ePjpj;Jiw

nraw;gLk;.


epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp Kiw.

1972 ,ypUe;J nraw;gl;L te;j Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; nra;ag;gl;l

,uz;lhtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gb 1978Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpYk; ,g;gjtp

Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1978 murpay; ahg;G ,yq;iff;F mwpKfk;

nra;j epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp KiwahdJ KOikahd

ru;t ty;yik gilj;j xU gjtpahFk;.

,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; 30Mk; mjpfhuj;jpd;gb ,yq;if

[dhjpgjpahdtu;>

v ehl;bd; jiytUk;

v epu;thfj;jpd; murhq;fj;jpdJk; jiytUk;

v Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpAkhthu;.

v kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjp gjtpahdJ MW tUl

gjtpf;fhyj;ij cilaJ.

01. NkNy (1)> (2)> (3) vDk; ,yf;fq;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

glq;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.

02. ,e;epWtdq;fs; xt;nthd;whYk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; ,t;tpuz;L

nraw;ghLfis vOJf.

03. “kf;fs; ,iwikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; gpujhd MAjk;

thf;FupikahFk;” ,f;$w;Wf;F rhjfkhfTk; ghjfkhfTk;

FOuPjpapy; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

nraw;ghL

1 23


[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;.v [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj NghjpYk; ghuhS

kd;wk; njhlu;gpy; gy mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;shu;. mikr;ir

tfpg;gtu; vd;why; ghuhSkd;wj;jpDs; cupik ePq;fyhf> mikr;ru;

xUtu; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; mtUf;Fk; cz;L. ,jy;yhky;

murpay; ahg;Gj;jpl;l rPu;jpUj;jk; my;yhj> ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;

epuhfupf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU rl;l %yj;ijAk; nghJrd mgpg;gpuha

thf;nfLg;Gf;F tpl;L epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; rl;lj;Jiw

mjpfhuj;ijAk; mtu; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

v epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy; epu;thfj; Jiw

mjpfhuq;fs; gytw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;shu;. (mit gw;wp gpd;du;

fye;JiuahLNthk;.)

v ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wp ,g;NghJ ghu;g;Nghk;.

01. gpujk ePjpauru; cl;gl ePjpauru;fis epakdk; nra;jy;.

02. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fis epakdk; nra;jy;.

03. ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOit epakpj;jy;.

04. ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; Fw;wthspahfj; jPu;g;G

toq;fg;gl;l xUtUf;F>

vkd;dpg;G toq;fy;.

vjz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;.

vtpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiyaspj;jy;.

35 - 1 ruj;J

[dhjpgjp vd;w tifapy; jdpg;gl;l uPjpahfNth gjtp uPjpahfNth

nra;j Fw;wj;jpw;fhf my;yJ nra;ahky; tpl;l flikf;fhf mtUf;F

vjpuhf ePjp kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;aNth> tof;nfhd;iw

tprhuiz nra;aNth KbahJ. ,J [dhjpgjpf;Fhpa tpNrl

ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhukhFk;.

NtW mjpfhuq;fs;.01. Nghu;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iwg; gpufldk; nra;jy;.

02. murhq;f itgtq;fSf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jy;.

03. Fbaurpd; ,yl;rpidia itj;jpUj;jYk;> mur Kj;jpiuiaapl;L

fhzp> epyk;> nrhj;Jf;fisg; gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;.

04. ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtu;fs;> Mizahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpfis

epakdk; nra;jy;.

05. gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf; FOtpw;fhd jiytu;>

mq;fj;jtu;fisAk;> gy;fiyf;foq;fSf;fhd Nte;ju;fisAk;> Jiz

Nte;ju;fisAk; epakdk; nra;jy;.

,jd;gb [dhjpgjpf;F Vfg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;

fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.


,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ghuhSkd;wKk; mjd; rl;lthf;f

mjpfhuKk; (1978)

01. rl;lj;Jiwahd ghuhSkd;wk; xw;iw kd;wkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

02. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; MW tUlq;fshFk;.

03. tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapyhd Njh;jy; %yk; ghuhSkd;w

cWg;gpdh;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.

04. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if 225 MFk;. Nju;jy; %yk; 196

NgUk;> Njrpa gl;bay; %yk; 29 NgUk; njupthfpd;wdu;.

v 1972 Kjyhk; Fbaurpy; Njrpa muRg; Nguit vdg;gl;l

rl;lj;JiwahdJ 1978 ahg;gpy; kPz;Lk; ghuhSkd;wk; vd;Dk;

ngaiug; ngw;wJ.

[dhjpgjpAk; ghuhSkd;wKk;.

01. ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;.

02. Gjpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; KjyhtJ $l;lj; njhlUf;Fj; jiyik

jhq;Fjy;.

03. ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy; Kjypa ghuhSkd;wk;

njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L. ,tw;wpw;fhf mtu;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F r%fkspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghuhSkd;wf; fl;likg;G

rghehafu;

ghuhSkd;wk;

ê

ê ê

MSk; fl;rp vjpu;f;fl;rpê ê

mq;fj;jtu; njhif 225

ê êNeubj; Nju;T

196

Njrpag; gl;bay;

%yk; njupT

29


ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

01. rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk;.

02. epjp epu;thfk;.

03. mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;itj;jy;

04. ,ilf;fhy tuT - nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.

05. gy;NtW mikr;ru;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfis xd;wpizj;jy;.

nraw;ghL.

01. 1978 ahg;gpd;gb “xw;iw kd;w rl;lj;Jiw|| vdg; ghuhSkd;wk;

Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd; fhuzk; vd;d ?

02. khztu; ghuhSkd;wk; xd;iw tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;Jf.

(nraw;ghLfs;> mjpfhuq;fs;> ntspg;gLk; FOr; nraw;ghlhf

mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.)

03. MrpupaUld;> ghuhSkd;w $l;lj; njhlu; xd;iwg; ghu;itaplr;

nry;Yq;fs;.

mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;)

01. [dhjpgjpNa mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu;. mtuhy; gpujku; njupT

nra;ag;gLthu;.

02. mikr;ru;fSk; [dhjpgjpahNyNa njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.

03. ghuhSkd;w MSk; fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fspy; ,Ue;J mikr;ru;fs;

njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.

04. mikr;ruit me;j];J ,y;yhj mikr;ru;fis epakdk; nra;Ak;

mjpfhuKk; [dhjpgjpf;Fz;L.

05. mikr;ruitia khw;wpaikg;gjw;F [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.

06. ve;jnthU mikr;irAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;Fk;

mjpfhuKk; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L.

07. gpujpaikr;ru;fis epakdk; nra;aTk; [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk;

cz;L.

08. mikr;ruitf;fhd nrayhsu;> mikr;Rf;fSf;fhd nrayhsu;fs;

vd;NghUk; [dhjpgjpahNyNa epakdk; ngWtu;.


mikr;ruitapd; nraw;ghLfs;

01. ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

02. mikr;ruitf;fhd tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.

03. ,ilf;fhy tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;.

04. gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fspd; nraw;ghLfis ,izj;jy;.

1978 murpay; ahg;gpy; ePjpkd;wk;.

ahg;gpd; 15 Mk; 16 Mk; mj;jpahaq;fspy; ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;Gk;

mJ nraw;gLk; tpjKk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. “rl;lj;jpd; Mjpf;fk;

epyTk; Rje;jpukhd r%fj;jpy; RahjPdkhd ePjpkd;wk; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ.

kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ePjpia epiy

ehl;Ljtjw;Fk; ePjp kd;wk; nraw;gLj;Jk; caupa NritahNyNa rl;lj;jpd;

Mjpf;fKk; Rje;jpuKk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1978 murpay; ahg;gpy; gf;fr; rhh;gw;w ePjpkd;w Kiwnahd;iwr;

nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;

rpytw;iwg; ghu;g;Nghk;.

v cau; ePjp kd;wq;fs;> Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpauru;fis [dhjpgjp

epakdk; nra;jy;. vd;whYk; mth;fisg; gjtp ePf;Fk; cupik

[dhjpgjpf;F ,y;iy.

v KiwNflhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy; vDk; Fw;wr;rhl;bd; NgupNyNa

ePjpgjp xUtu; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glyhk;. ,t;thwhd mbg;gilapy;

vd;whYk; ePjpgjp xUtiug; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;Fk; ghuhS

kd;wj;jpd; r%fe;juhj gpujpepjpfs; cl;gl mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik

apdupd; tpUg;gg;gbNa [dhjpgjp nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

v thf;Fupik jtpu Vida murpay; cupikfs; ePjpgjpfSf;F

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ePjpkd;w xOq;fikg;G.

01. cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

02. Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;

03. mbg;gil ePjpkd;wq;fs;

gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fshfg; gpupe;J ntt;NtW mikr;ru;fs;

nraw;gl;l NghjpYk; nghJthd epu;thfj;jpw;fhf mikr;ru;fs; $l;Lg;

nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtjw;F flikg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mjd; %yNk ehl;bd;

mgptpUj;jpAk; If;fpaKk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.


mbg;gil ePjpkd;wq;fs;

ê

ê ê ê ê ê

Nky; ePjp khtl;l ePjp FLk;g ePjp ePjthd; ePjp Kjy;epiy ePjp

kd;wk; kd;wk; kd;wk; kd;wk; kd;wk;

cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

Fbaurpd; cr;r - ,Wjpahd ePjpkd;wk; ,JthFk;. mbg;gil kdpj

cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhd Fw;wg; gpNuuiziag;

gw;wp tprhupj;jy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;Gupikfis kPWNthUf;F vjpuhf

eltbf;if vLj;jy;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd KiwaPLfis tprhupj;jy; Nghd;wd

,jd; flikfspy; rpythFk;.

Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;

fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; jPu;TfSf;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gLk;

Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhupf;Fk; G+uz mjpfhuk; ,jw;FupaJ. ,k;kd;wj;jpd;

mjpfhuq;fspy; rpy tUkhW:

jz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy; my;yJ khw;Wjy;.

jPu;g;gspj;j ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Ff; fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jy; my;yJ kPs

tprhupf;Fk;gb MizapLjy;.

Kjy; tof;fpy; rhl;rpak; toq;fpa rhl;rpf;fhuu;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf

rhl;rpaq;fis mioj;jy;.

Ml;nfhzu;T (n`gpa]; Nfhg];) Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jy;.

mbg;gil ePjpkd;wq;fs;

,t;tif ePjpkd;wq;fs; tprhupf;Fk; tof;FfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

rpy tUkhW:

Nky; ePjpkd;wk; : Njrj;jpd; epyj;jpNyh ePupNyh thdpNyh

epfo;j;jg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd

tof;Ffs;.

khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; : vy;yh tifahd Fbapay; tof;Ffs;

ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk; : vy;yh tifahd Fw;wq;fSk;

FLk;g ePjpkd;wk; : FLk;gk; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;

Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wk; : 1500 &ghTf;Ff; Fiwe;j ngWkjpiaf;

nfhz;l tof;Ffs;. cs;@uhl;rp

epWtdq;fspd; tUkhdq;fis <l;bf;

nfhs;Sjy; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;.


ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO

cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fspd; epakdk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;

rpghu;rpd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ePjpNrit

Mizf;FOTf;F jiyik jhq;FtJ gpujk ePjpauruhthu;. cr;r ePjpkd;w

ePjpauru;fs; ,Utu; ,jd; mq;fj;jtu;fshthu;. ,jd; %yk; ePjpgjpfspd;

gf;fQ;rhuhj jd;ikiag; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

nghWg;G ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtplk; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fw;wg;gpNuuiz

[dhjpgjpia ve;jnthU tprhuizf;fhfTk; ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpw;F

miof;f KbahJ. vd;whYk; murpay; ahg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s

FiwghL xd;wpw;fhf my;yJ Fw;wnkhd;iw ,ioj;jtuhfNth

fUjg;gLkhdhy; mtUf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;ifNa

Fw;wg;gpNuuiz MFk;.

,zf;fr;rig

fpuhkq;fspy; Vw;gLk; rpwpa gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd epWtdNk

,zf;f rigahFk;. ,J Xu; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;wk; my;y.

gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpui[fs; ,r;rigf;F epakpf;fg;gLtu;.

ghlrhiy Nghd;w nghJf; fl;llk; xd;wpy; ,zf;f rig $b tof;Ffis

tprhupf;Fk;.

gpur;rpidf;Fs;shd ,U gpuptpdUf;Fk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;> fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ,U jug;gpdiuAk;

Gupe;Jzh;T %yk; rkhjhdk; nra;jy; vd;gd ,r;rigapd; eltbf;iffshf

mikAk;. ,jdhy; kf;fspd; gzKk;> NeuKk; tPzhfhkYk; ituhf;fpak;>

Nfhgk; vd;gd njhluhkYk; ,Ug;gjw;F topNaw;gLfpd;wd.


mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;.

1978Mk; Mz;bd; ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; mbg;gil kdpj

cupikfs; gw;wp tpupthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1972 FbauR ahg;gpy; 18-I ; vd;w gpuptpy; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;j

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk; vd;gd gw;wp 1978 murpay; ahg;G

tpupthff; $Wfpd;wJ. mt;thW $wg;gLk; rpy mbg;gil cupikfs;

gpd;tUkhW :

,k;irg;gLj;jypypUe;J tpLgLk; cupik.

rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; cupik.

xUtu; ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;du; jhd; vjw;fhff; ifJ

nra;ag;gLfpd;Nwd; vd;gij njupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik.

NgRtjw;fhd cupik> fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk; cupik vd;gdTk;

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfspy; mlq;Fk;.

tpUk;gpa njhopy; xd;iwr; nra;Ak; cupik.

tpUk;gpa rkak; xd;iwg; gpd;gw;Wk; cupik.

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk;

NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

Mdhy; 1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ,it gw;wp kpfj;

njspthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;

kWf;fg;gLk;; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;glf; $ba eltbf;iffs; :

v jdJ mbg;gil cupik kPwg;gl;l xUtu; cau; ePjpkd;wk; %yk;

jdJ cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

v murhq;fj;jpy; my;yJ jpizf;fsj;jpy; Nritahw;Wk; xUtUf;Fj;

jdJ mbg;gil cupikfis mDgtpg;gjpy; mur jug;gpypUe;J

jilfNsw;gl;lhy; mjid epu;thfj;jpw;fhd Mizahsu; ehafk;

“xk;Gl;];kd;” vd;gtupd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J jdf;Fupa

ePjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

rl;lj;jpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;J khj;jpuNk

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfis mDgtpf;f KbAk;.


~~xk;Gl;];kd;|| epu;thfj;Jf;fhd ghuhSkd;w

Mizahsu; ehafk; (FiwNfs; mjpfhup) gjtp

v ,g;gjtp ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;.

,g;gjtpf;F xUtiu [dhjpgjpNa epakdk; nra;thu;.

v “mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLjy;> epu;thfj;jpdhy; mePjp

,iof;fg;gLjy;> KiwNflhd Ml;rpapdhy; ehl;L kf;fs; Kfq;

nfhLf;Fk; ,d;dy;fs; Kjypatw;Wf;fhd epthuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Stjw;F eilKiwapYs;s ePjpkd;w Kiw Nghjpajhf

,y;yhkypUg;gJld; mjw;fhfg; gzKk; fhyKk; mjpfkhfr;

nrytplg;gLtjw;F ,t;thwhdnjhU gjtp NjitahFk; vd;W

murpay; ahg;G rPuikg;G epu;thff; FO ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy;

xk;Gl;];kd; gjtpapd; Njit njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gbUe;jJ.

1978 murpay; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Gjpa Njh;jy;

Kiwfs; :

01. [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy;

02. tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jj; Njh;jy;

03. nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G

[dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy; Kiw :

epiiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjpiaj; njupT nra;tjw;fhf

elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;jypd; NghJ KO ehLk; xU Nju;jy; njhFjpahff;

fzpf;fg;gLk;. Nju;jypy; mspf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffspy; 50% f;F mjpfkhd

ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Ntl;ghsu; ntw;wpailthu;.

kdpjdpd; jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J Vio> gzf;fhud;> gbj;jtd;>

ghkud; vd;w Ngjkpy;yhkYk; ,dk;> rhjp> rkak;> nkhop

Ngjkpy;yhkYk; midtUk; xNu khjpupahd mbg;gil kdpj

cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F murpay; ahg;G re;ju;g;gj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpj; je;Js;sJ.

nraw;ghL :-nraw;ghL :-nraw;ghL :-nraw;ghL :-nraw;ghL :-

khztu;fs; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J nra;jpg; gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffspy;

kdpj cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd glq;fisr; Nrfhpj;J tFg;giwapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jf; $ba Rtnuhl;bfisj; jahupf;f. Rtnuhl;bf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd RNyhfj;ijAk; vOJf.


,yq;ifapd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l KjyhtJ

[dhjpgjpahf N[. Mu;. [ath;j;jd mtu;fs; 1978 ,y; njupthdhu;.

1978,y; mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; FbauR

ahg;gpy; Xu; mjpfhuj;ijr; Nru;j;jjd; %yk; md;W gpujkuhfg; gjtp

tfpj;jtu; [dhjpgjpahfg; gjtpNaw;whu;. ,jd; %yk; [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

,y;yhkNy N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ

[dhjpgjpahdhu;. 1982,y; kPz;Lk; mtu; [dhjpgjpahfj; njupT

nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

1993Mk; Mz;L [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j Mu;. gpNukjhr mtu;fs;

Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. vdNt ahg;gpd; gpufhuk;

gpujkuhff; filikahw;wpa b. gp. tp[aJq;f mtu;fs; [dhjpgjpahfg;

gjtpNaw;whu;.

tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

mJtiu fhyKk; ,yq;ifapy; epytpa njhFjpthhpj; Nju;jy; Kiw

my;yJ vspa ngUk;ghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf 1978

murpay; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Gjpa Kiwahf tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiw mike;jJ.

v ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;.

v khfhz rig cWg;gpdu; njupT.

v cs;Suhl;rp kd;w cWg;gpdu; njupT.

Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJ tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;.

01. ghupa Nju;jy; njhFjpfs;. (Nju;jy; khtl;lq;fs;)

02. Ntl;ghsu;fs; FOthf Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtJld; jkf;nfd Xu;

,yf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gu;.

03. thf;Ffis mspf;Fk; NghJ jhk; tpUk;gpa fl;rpf;Fk; mjd;

gl;baypy; cs;s %tUf;Fk; tpUg;G thf;Ffis mspj;jy;.

04. Nju;jy; njhFjp xd;Wf;F cWg;gpdh;fs; FOnthd;W njupT

nra;ag;gLk;.

05. Nju;jypd; NghJ fl;rpfs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l thf;Ffspd;gb tpfpjhrhu

Kiwg;gb cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJld; Ntl;ghsu;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tpUg;G thf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapYk; njupT

,lk;ngWk;.

06. mjpf thf;Ffisg; ngw;w fl;rpf;F Nkyjpf (Nghd];) MrdKk;

toq;fg;gLk;.


07. nry;Ygbahd thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 5% my;yJ 1/20

gq;ifg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;shj murpay; fl;rpfSk; RNar;irf;

FOf;fSk; cWg;Gupik ngWtjw;F mUfijaw;witfshff;

fUjg;gl;L Nghl;bapypUe;J ePf;fg;gLk;.

nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G

kf;fs; rl;lkpaw;Wk; eltbf;iffspy; Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gkhf nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;ig elhj;Jtjw;fhd KbntLf;Fk;

mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpaplNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;ig elj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffisg;

ghuhSkd;wk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

Nju;jy; Mizahsu; ehafk; mjw;Nfw;g eLepiyahd Nju;jy;

xd;iw elj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,j;Nju;jypd; NghJ thf;fhsh;fs; xU tplak; njhlu;ghf “Mk;”

my;yJ “,y;iy” vd;W thf;fspg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLk;.

Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy vDk; fUj;ijj; njspthfg; gpupj;jwpaf;

$ba ,uz;L rpd;dq;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; Nju;jy; Mizahsu;

ehafk; mJ gw;wpg; nghJ kf;fis mwpT+l;l Ntz;Lk;.

nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj; Nju;jiy elhj;jp mjd; KbTfisj; Nju;jy;

Mizahsu; ehafk; [dhjpgjpf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MAl;fhyj;ij ePbg;gjw;fhf 1982 ,y; elj;jg;gl;l

nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;nghd;Nw ,e;ehl;by; ,Jtiu ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ ehl;bd; my;yJ

mspf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffspy; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ngw;w fUj;J

MNyhridahff; fUjg;gl;L [dhjpgjpapd; ifnahg;gj;jhy;

MNkhjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; mJ rl;lkhff; fUjg;gLk;.


1 Mrpupaupd; mwpTiuiag; ngw;W ckJ ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpw;F

tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wf; FOitj; njupT

nra;tjw;fhd nraw;ghl;by; <LgLf.

2 gpd;tUtd gw;wp vOJf.

vspa ngUk;ghd;ikj; Nju;jy; (njhFjpthup) ed;ik / jPik

tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwj; Nju;jy; ed;ik / jPik


Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.

(1948 - 1977)(1948 - 1977)(1948 - 1977)(1948 - 1977)(1948 - 1977)

1948 Kjy; Ml;rpf;F te;j xt;nthU murhq;fKk; kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fisg; gy;NtW

Jiwfspy; nraw;gLj;jp te;Js;sd.

me;j tifapy; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> mbg;gilf;

fl;likg;G trjpfs;> r%f eyd;Gup trjpfs; Kjypa Jiwfspy;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLNthk;.

fy;tp

Mq;fpNyau; jkJ epu;thf Nritf;fhd Ml;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhs;Sk;

Nehf;Fld; efuq;fspy; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfis elhj;jp te;jdu;. fhyg;

Nghf;fpy; fy;tpaikg;gpy; khw;wnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Njit

,yq;ifah;fshy; czug;gl;lJ. mjw;fhf 1931 Kjy; gy;NtW tpjkhd

Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. vdNt Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpiag; ngw;w

mjpfkhd ,yq;ifau;fs; ehl;bd; fy;tpf; fl;likg;gpy; khw;wj;ijf;

nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Muk;g eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

fy;tpapd; Gjpa ghijf;fhd MNyhridfs; gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.

v 1931 - 1947 fyhepjp rp.lgps;A.lgps;A.fd;dq;fu mth;fspd;

MNyhridahf “midtUf;Fk; ,ytrf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jy;” vd;gJ njhdpg; nghUshf mike;jJ. ,J njhlu;ghd

Nkyjpf tplaq;fis 2Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;.

v 1956 ,y; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; murhq;fk; fy;tp

tsu;r;rpapy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

01. nrhe;j nkhopapy; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

02. ,ytr kjpa czit kPz;Lk; toq;Fjy;.

03. tWikahd khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyikg; guprpy;fis toq;Fjy;.

04. xt;nthU kfh tpj;jpahyaj;Jf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T $lnkhd;iw

toq;Fjy;.

05. cau; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1958 ,y; tpj;jpNahja

gpupNtdh tpj;jpNahja gy;fiyf;fofk; vdTk;> 1959 ,y;

tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupNtdh tpj;jpahyq;fhu gy;fiyf;fofk; vDk;

ngaupYk; gy;fiyf;fof me;j];ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; %yk;

mjpfkhd ,yq;ifaUf;F cau; fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;

fpilj;jJ.


v 1962 ,y; mur cjtp ngWk; ghlrhiyfs; mur cilikahf;-

fg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhNdhUf;F ,ytrf; fy;tpngWk;

tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.

v mur cjtp ngWk; midj;J Mrphpag; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfSk;

mur kakhf;fg;gl;ld.

v Mrpupag; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfspy; Mq;fpyg; ghlnewp fl;lhakhf;-

fg;gl;lJ.

v Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;jjhf nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;-

fofj;jpy; fiyg;gPlk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1963 - 65 fhyfl;lj;jpy;........

v ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf khzt Mrpupau;

fSf;fhd guPl;iria elhj;jp mjd; %yk; murhq;fg;

ghlrhiyfSf;F Mrpupau;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

v khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; Mrpupar; Nritia kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

v gpuNjrf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

v 1960 - 1970 jrhg;jj;jpy; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; gy Gjpa Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;

Vw;gl;ld.

v 1960 ,y; cau; fy;tpr; rl;lk; %yk; fy;tp epu;thf mikg;G

khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

v fdp\;l gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

v fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhf mr;rfk;

xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ.

v rpukhgpkhdp thuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy ,irthf;fk; Kjypa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ghlrhiyfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

v nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof gPlj;ij RahjPdkhd gy;fiyf;fofkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

v 1968 ,y; ghlj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp kj;jpa epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gLjy;.

v ,yq;ifj; Njrpa E}yf Nritfs; rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v ngsj;j gpf;FfSf;fhd jdpahd gy;fiyf;fofkhf “Gj;j rpuhtfjh;k gPlk;’’Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.


Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

glk; 6.11

v 1921 Kjy; Adptu;rpw;wp nfhNy[; vDk; cau; fy;tp epWtdk;

yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

v ,yq;if kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj nraw;gl;L

te;jJ. ,q;F Mq;fpyk; fy;tp nkhopahff; fhzg;gl;lJld;trjptha;g;Gs;s rpW njhifapdUf;Nf ,q;F fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;Gf;

fhzg;gl;lJ.

v 1942 ,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; nfhOk;gpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1952 ,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nguhjidf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

mjpy; fiyg;gPlKk; Rankhopg; gPlKk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1960 ,y; kUj;Jt gPlKk;> nghwpapay; gPlKk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1966 ,y; tpj;jpahyq;fhu ~tpj;jpNahja| vDk; gy;fiyf;foq;fs;

fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Wk; [atu;j;jd gy;fif;fofk; vd;Wk;

khw;wg;gl;lJ.

v 1972 ,y; fl;Lngj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1974 ,y; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

cau;fy;tp


njd; MrpahtpNy vOj;jwpT tPjk; $ba ehlhf ,yq;if

cs;sJ.

tptrhaj;Jiw

gz;ila ,yq;if RaNjitg; G+u;j;jpahd xU nghUshjhu

Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;igj; njhlu;e;J

njd;Nkw;Fj; jpirf;F ,lk; ngau;e;j ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuKk;

tho;f;if KiwAk; khw;wKw;w tpjj;ij ehk; 10 Mk; tFg;gpy; fw;Nwhk;.

16 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; INuhg;gpaupd; tUifapdhYk; 1815 Mk;

Mz;L KO ,yq;ifAk; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jikahYk;

,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuk; GjpanjhU Kiwapy; nrd;W Gjpa tbtk;

ngw;wJ. tho;thjhug; gaph;r; nra;if Kiw %yk; tho;f;ifia

tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ,yq;ifah; gpupj;jhdpa Nguurpd; Njitf;fhf

tu;j;jfg; gapu;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epiyf;F Mshdhu;fs;. mjd;

gadhf 1948 ,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; milAk; NghJ jkf;Fj; Njitahd

czTg; nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;NthuhfTk; ntspehl;Lr; re;ijf;fhd

%yg; nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;NthuhfTk; ,yq;ifah; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ czT ,wf;Fkjpf;fhd

jilapdhy; ,yq;if kf;fs; grp> gl;bdpf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neu;e;jJ.

,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Njrpaj; jiytu;fSk; ehl;L kf;fSk; vkJ

ehl;Lf;Nf cupa tho;thjhug; gapu;r; nra;ifia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd;

mtrpaj;ij czu;e;jdu;.

Rjj;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j vy;yh murhq;fq;fSk; ehl;il

muprp cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwtilar; nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;

nfhz;ld.


~~jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhu Kiwia|| tpsf;Ff.


new; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

eltbf;iffs;

01. ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj tpiy

1948,y; fkey Nritfs; rig %yk; ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj

tpiy Kiw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1972 Kjy; ney; re;ijg;gLj;Jk; rig

mg;gzpiaj; njhlu;e;jJ.


ney;ypw;fhd cj;juthj tpiyapd; %yk; tptrhap ngWk; ed;ikfs;

ahit

v 1952 ,y; gjynfhl ney; Muha;r;rp mgptpUj;jp epiyak;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v mjidj; njhlu;e;J yGJ}t> k`h,Yg;gyfk> Nghk;Gty>

`pq;Fuq;nfhl Kjypa ,lq;fspYk; ney;yh Muha;r;rp

epiyaq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

v ney;yh Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; $ba

tpisr;riyj; jUk; etPd ney;ypdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpd.

v gpypg;igd;]; ru;tNjr ney; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa

I.Mu; vdg;gLk; etPd ney;ypdk; gw;wp ,yq;ifapYk; gpurhuk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

03. tptrhaf; flDjtpfs; toq;Fjy;

ney ;Yw ;gj ;j pa py ; <LgLk ; t ptrha pfspd ; tWikiag ;

Nghf;Ftjw;Fg; gy eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

v fhzp Mizahsh; jpizf;fsk;.

v czTj; jpizf;fsk;.

v fkey Nritfs; jpizf;fsk;. vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; tptrhaf;

fld;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

v 1961 ,y; kf;fs; tq;fp Muk;gkhdJld; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;>

mDkjpf;fg;gl;l rq;fq;fs; Clhf tptrhaf; fld;fs;

toq;fg;gl;ld.

v 1972 ,y; fkey Nritfs; epiyaj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if

tq;fpf; fpisfs; %ykhfTk; tptrhaf; fld;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

v 1972 ,y; tptrha eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

Kfkhf fkey Muha;r;rpg; gapw;rp epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

02. Gjpa ney;ypdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;


04. kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tptrha mgptpUj;jpeltbf;iffspy; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; kpf Kf;fpa ,lk;tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; gy fl;lq;fspYk;Muhag;gl;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

v b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fspd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j ll;yp

Nrdhehaf;f mth;fs; ud;njdpfy jpl;lk; gw;wp Muk;g Ma;T

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

v 1953 - 56 fhyg;gFjpfspy; md;iwa tptrha mikr;ru; P. B. Gyq;Fyk

mtu;fs; kfhtypg; gs;sj;jhf;fpd; epyk;> rdj;njhif gw;wpa

Ma;tpid elhj;jpdhu;.

v ,yq;if murpd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Ngupy; 1958 ,y; I. mnkupf;f

mur epWtdnkhd;W kfhtyp fq;if ePiu gy Nehf;fq;

fSf;Fk; ghtpg;gjw;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jPl;baJ.

v 1961 ,y; rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f mth;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

tpupthd Ma;Tj; jpl;lk; %yk; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.

v kfhtypj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lkhf 1970 ,y; nghy;nfhy;iyapy;

ejpf;Ff; FWf;fhf Xu; mizf;fl;L mikf;Fk; gzp Muk;gkhdJ.

v 1973 ,y; Nghgj;njd;d ePu;j;Njf;fj;Jf;fhd Ntiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

v Muk;gj;jpy; 30 tUlq;fspy; Kbg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;j ,g;ghupa

gzpahdJ 1977 ,y; Ml;rpf;F te;j J. R. [atu;j;jd mtu;fspd;

fhyj;jpy; mikr;ru; fhkpdp jprhehaf;f mtu;fshy; Jupj kfhtyp

mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; vDk; ngahpy; 6 tUl fhyj;Js; nra;J

Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;ljjpd; fPo; tpf;Nlhupah>

ue;njdpfy>ud;nlk;g> nfhj;kiy> Nghd;w ghupa ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld; tptrhak; tsu;r;rp ngw;w gy gpuNjrq;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

v new; gapu;r; nra;iff;F Nkyjpfkhf NtWgapu;fisg; gapupLtjpy;

muR $ba ftdk; nrYj;jpaJld; mjw;fhd eltbf;iffSk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1948Mk; Mz;bw;f;Fg; gpd; Nkl;L epyq;fspYk;>

cyu; tyaj;jpYk; gapu;r; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1960fspd;

gpw;gFjpapy; mKy; nra;ag;gl;l ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;

fhuzkhf Vida gapu;r;nra;if tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. (1970 - 1977)

fhyfl;lj;jpy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghl;lhYk; Nkyjpf

gapu;r; nra;if Jupj tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. tl> kj;jpa> Cth

khfhzq;fspy; cUisf;fpoq;F nra;ifia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff;

nfhs;syhk;.


05. rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;r; nra;if mgptpUj;jp

ghuk;gupa Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;r; nra;if %yk; fpilj;j tUkhdk;

Nghjhj fhuzj;jhy; ghuk;gupakw;w rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fshd Nfhg;gp>

nfhf;Nfh> Vyk;> rhjpf;fha;> fuhk;G> kpsF> rpq;Nfhdh> fWth

Kjypatw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; murhq;fk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

v 1968 Njapiyf; Mizaj;jpd;

mwpf;ifapd;gb nghUshjhu

u Pj papy ; ,yhgkw;w Njapiy

epyq;fspy; khw;Wg; gapu;fshf

Nfhg;gp> nfhf;Nfh> fWth> kpsF>

fuhk ;G Kjypa gapu ;fisr ;

nra;if gz;Ztjw;F rpghu;R

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

v 1972 ,y; kiyehl;L Vw;Wkjpg;

gapu ;fisg; gy;tifg;gLj;Jk;

jpl;lj;jpw;fhfcyf czT

tptrha mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jhYk;>

I. eh. mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lj;jhYk; (UNDP) epjpAjtp

fpilj;jJ.

v rpwpa Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ngUe; Njhl;l

mikr ;r pd ; f Po ; “r pW Vw ;Wkjpg ; gapu ; j pizf;fsk ; ’’

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1972 ,y; khj;jisapy; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu; Muha;r;rp epiyak;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu; Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs;> Fz;lrhiy> njy;gpl;ba>

epy;yk;g> khgyhd> ehuk;ky> fk;kLt vDk; 6 ,lq;fspy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1972 “cjtp MNyhridj; jpl;lk;’’ %yk; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;

epyq;fis mjpfupf;fTk; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fTk; Kbe;jJ.

v cj;juthj tpiy> gris khdpak;> MNyhridr; Nrit Kjypa

murhq;f eltbf;iffshy; Vw;Wkjpf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; gapu;r; nra;if

khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1972 - 76 Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; %yk; kuKe;jphpif (f[{)> Nrhsk;>

#hpa fhe;jp> Kjypa gaph; tsh;g;G eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;-

gl;ld.

rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fs;

glk; 6.12


06. tpyq;F Ntshz;ik mgptpUj;jp

Gujj; Njitia epiwT nra;tjw;Fk; grisf;fhfTk;> tptrha

eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; khL tsu;g;gpid Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;ba Njit

fhzg;gl;lJ.

v 1948 - 53 Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;Jf;Nfw;g ,e;ehl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd

ghy; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpYk; ,wf;Fkjpiaf;

Fiwg;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

v 1970 - 76 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,wf;Fkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if

fLikahf nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vdNt ghYw;gj;jpapy;

jd;dpiwtiltjw;Fg; gRf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $l;Ltjw;fhdeltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

v 1967 ,y; Njrpa ghy; rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v mk;Ngty ghYw;gj;jp epiyak;> nghyd;dWit fl;bg;ghy;

cw;gj;jp Miy vd;gd epWtg;gl;L ghYw;gj;jp mjpfupg;Gf;fhd

tpupthd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

v Fiwe;j tpiyapy; cau;juj;jpy; fhy;eil czTfisj;

jahupg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if vz;nza; nfhOg;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1973 ,y; fhy;eil tsq;fs; rig epWtg;gl;lJld; mJ tptrhaj;

jpizf;fsj;Jld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;lJ.

v 1978 ,y; fhy;eil cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp

mikr;rpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

07. kPd;gpbf;ifj;njhopy;

,yq;ifiar; #oTs;s flw;gug;Gk; kiyehl;by; Cw;nwLj;J ehl;bd;

ehyh jpirfspYk; XLk; ejpfSk; cs;ehl;Lf; Fsq;fs;> ePu;j; Njf;fq;fSk;

kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;Fr; rhjfkhd tha;g;Gf;fshFk;.

1948 fspd; gpd;du; ehl;L kf;fspd; Gujf; Fiwghl;il eptu;j;jpf;fTk;>

Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;thfTk; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopiy

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1964,y; kPd;gpbf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; :-

01. kPd;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy;.

02. gioa NjhzpfSf;F ,ae;jpuq;fisg; nghUj;Jjy;> ,ae;jpug;

glFfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

03. kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Ff; fld; trjp

nra;J nfhLj;jy;.


04. kPdtu; mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahf];ju;fis Nritapy; mku;j;Jjy;

Kjypa eltbf;iffs; %yk; kPd;gpbj; njhopiy mgptpUj;jp

nra;Ak; eltbf;iffspy; muR jiyapl;lJ.

05. 1970 fspy; ,why;> rpq;fp ,why;> flyl;il Kjypa Vw;Wkjpfshy;

me;epar; nryhtzp <l;Lk; ebtbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

06. murhq;f topfhl;lypd; fPo; kPdtu; $l;LwT mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd 300 $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

gytw;iw ,izg;Gr; nra;J 45 Muk;g kPdtu; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

07. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; flDjtp ngwg;gl;L ts;sq;fis

,ae;jpukakhf;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;fhf me;j epjp kPdtu; kj;jpapy;

,yF fldhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.

08. fz;zhbapiog; glFfs; (iggh; fpsh];) mwpKfk; nra;ag;

gl;lJld; kPd;gpbg;gjw;fhd ,ae;jpug; glFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;

$l;Ljy; Kjypa eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

09. kPdtu; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; %yk; %yjd cjtpfs; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

10. Njhzpfs;> ts;sq;fs;> glFfSf;fhd epjpAjtp 90% tiu

mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;tpj cjtpfisf; nfhz;LNky; tlNky;> njd; khfhzq;fspy;

fiuNahu kPd;gpb tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fld; trjpfs; kf;fs; tq;fp %ykhfg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

1972 ,y; kPd;gpbj;JiwKfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L> mbg;gil trjpfs;

mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nraw;gl;ljhy;

,yq;ifapd; ctu;ePu; kPd;gpb tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.

1952 ,y; kPd;gpbj; jpizf;fsk; ed;dPu; kPd;gpb tsu;g;G epiyaq;fs;

gytw;iw cs;ehl;by; epWtpajhy; ed;dPu; kPd;gpbAk; tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.

08. ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if

1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd;> murpd; tu;j;jf VfNghf

cupikia ePf;Fk; rpghupR kw;Wk; 1840 jupR epyr; rl;lk; vd;gd %yk;

,yq;ifapd; tskhd epyk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;iff;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyauhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if %yk;

,d;W tiu mjpf mstpy; me;epar; nryhtzp fpilf;fg;ngWtJld;

mjpfkhNdhUf;F Ntiytha;g;Gk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.


mz;ikf; fhyk; tiu mjpfsthd me;epar; nryhtzpiag;

ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapHfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jd> ,g;ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; mjpfstpy;

ntspehl ;Lf ; fk;gdpfSf;F cupj ;Jiladthf ,Ue;jJld;>

mf;fk;gdpfSf;Nf ,yhgKk; nrd;wile;jJ.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiw

v 1972 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if muR gpwg;gpj;j fhzp cr;r tuk;Gr;

rl;lj;jhy; xUtu; itj;jpUf;ff;$ba tay; epyk; 25 Vf;fu; vdTk;

Nkl;L epyk; 50 Vf;fu; vdTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJld; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

fhzpfs; murhq;fj;jpdhy; RtPfupf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt gy;yhapuk;

Vf;fu; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; mur clikahf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1972 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf; FONt

Nkyjpf fhzpfisr; RtPfupj;jJld; mjidg; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk;

eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

v 1972 - 75 fhyg;gFjpapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhzp kWrPuikg;Gf;

nfhs;if fhuzkhf jdpg;gl;lth;fsplkpUe;Jk; fk;gdpfsplkpUe;Jk;>

Njapiyj; Njhl;lk; - 166>405 n`f;Nlau;.

,wg;gu; Njhl;lk; - 74>494 n`f;Nlau;.

njd;de; Njhl;lk; - 48>130 n`f;Nlau;.

vd;W nkhj;jk; 419>101 n`f;Nlau; fhzpfs; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

v 1975 ,yf;fk; 3 fhzpg; Gduikg;Gr; (mgptpUj;jp) rl;lk; %yk; ,r;

nraw;ghL tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v vdNt fk;gdpfSf;Fupa Njhl;lq;fSk; tUkhdKk; kf;fs;

kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; 1976 Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ

fk;gdpfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; 62% mur Jiwf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhdJ.

v ifNaw;fg;gl;l fhzpfSs; 28% mur cjtpAld; ,aq;Fk; $l;LwTg;

gz;izia mikg;gjw;Ff; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ. 10% epyk;

rpW Jz;Lfshf tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;lJ.

v ngUe;Njhl;l cupik Kfhikj;JtKk; epu;thfKk; jdpahu;

JiwaplkpUe;J mur Jiwf;Ff; ifkhwpd.

v vdNt Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpapy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wkhf

,f; fhzpr; rPu;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

v muR cilikahf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jt

epu;thfj;Jf;fhf %d;W epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

01. 1958,y; mur ngUe;Njhl;lahf;fk;

02. 1976,y; kiyehl;L Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig (crtrk)


03. 1976 ,y; kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig ([dtrk)

v 1976 ,y; ,t;thW ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu; epyq;fspy;

35% murhq;fj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jp mjpfupj;jjd;

%yk; ntspehl;L tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jJ.

v cyfr; re;ijapy; nkhj;jj; Njapiy Vw;Wkjpapy; 1950 ,y; 34%

Kk; 1960 ,y; 40% Kk; ,yq;ifapd; gq;fspg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,wg;gu;

v 1952 ,y; rPdhTld; nra;J nfhz;l muprp> ,wg;gu;> ,Ugf;f tu;j;jf

cld;gbf;if %yk; ,yq;ifapd; ,wg;gUf;fhd epiyahd re;ij

tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

v 1977 ,y; ,aw;if ,wg;gUf;fhd ru;tNjr xg;ge;jj;jpy;

ifr;rhj;jpl;ljd; %yk; ,yq;if ed;ikaile;jJ.

v 1977 fspd; gpd;du; cyf tq;fpapd; cjtpAld; ,wg;gu; kPs; eLifAk;

Gjpa fhzpfspy; gapupLjYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

murTilikf;nfhs;if

nghJ kf;fSf;F mjpf eyd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;

Copau;fSf;F mjpf eyd;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; jdpahu; Jiw mur

kakhf;fg;gl;lJ. 1956 ,y; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f Ml;rpapy;

,yq;ifj; JiwKfKk;> jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; JiwAk; mur

kakhf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;turTilikf; nfhs;if 1960 njhlf;fk; 1964 tiu

gpujku; rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f fhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld.

,jw;fhf mtu; vLj;j Kaw;rpfshtd :

v 1960 [_iy 1 Mk; jpfjp cUthf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; tq;fp murhq;fj;Jiw

Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLg;gjw;fhd tpupthd jpl;lkhf

mike;jJ.

v njhopyhsu; trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jYf;fhd eyd;Gup Nritfs;

tpupthf;fg;gl;ld.

v Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf ;Fj; Njitahd cs;ehl;Lr; Nrkpg ;G

Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v kf;fs; tq;fp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; nghJkf;fs; - tq;fpj; njhlu;Gfs;

mjpfupj;jd.

v gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if tq;fpAk; mur cilikahf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1960 ,y; fhg;GWjpj; JiwAk; murkakhf;fg;gl;L fhg;GWjpf;

$l;Lj;jhgdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.


v Nkw;F ehl;Lf; fk;gdpfspd; iffspypUe;j ngw;Nwhypa tpepNahfk;

,yq;ifg; ngw;Nwhypaf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; cupikahf;fg;

gl;likahy; ,yq;ifapd; gzk; ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfSf;Fr; nry;tJ

jilg;gl;lJ.

v gpujku; rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; Ml;rpf ; fhyj;jpy;

Efu;NthUf;fhd ghtidg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gidAk; murpdhNyNa

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf 1971 ,y; $l;LwTr; rq;ff; filfs;

Gduikf;fg;gl;L gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; $l;LwT nkhj;j tpw;gid

epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L> ghtidg; nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfKk;

mur JiwapdhNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

v ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfspd; cupikahff; fhzg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs;

mur cilikahf;fg;gl;likahy; ,yq;if ghupastpy; nghUshjhu

ed;ikfis mile;jJ. mj;Jld; mJtiuf; fhyKk; ntspehl;Lf;

fk;gdpfshy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,e;ehl;bd; ngUe;Njhl;l epyq;fs;

vy;yhk; [dtrk> crtrk vDk; ngau;fspy; kf;fs; kag;

gLj;jg;gl;ld>

ifj;njhopy; Jiw mgptpUj;jp.

Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;

gpupj;jhdpahtpd; KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak; re;ijahfTNk

,yq;if fhzg;gl;lJ.

v 1952 ,y; cyf tq;fpapd; mwpf;if mur ifj;njhopy; Jiw

Mizf;FO mwpf;if vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mur ifj;njhopy; nfhs;if

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v eLj;juf; ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cyf

tq;fpapd; mwpf;if Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.

1955 mur $l;Lj;jhgd rl;l%yk;.

mur ifj;njhopy; Mizf;FO mwpf;ifapd;gb mur Kaw;rp

xOq;fikg;G kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;

Kfkhf mur jpizf;fsq;fspd; fPo; nraw;gl;l ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;.

$l;Lj;jhgdq;fshf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1955 nts;isawpf;ifapy; jdpahu; KjyPLfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L

KjyPLfs; gw;wpa murhq;ff; nfhs;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

v 1957 Mk; Mz;L ifj;njhopy; jpizf;fs rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

ifj;njhopy; xd;wpid Muk;gpf;fTk;> Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yTk;

murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ


Rfhjhu Nritfs;

Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapy; ,ytr kUj;Jt Nrit

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. MapDk; mJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;

nfhOk;ig ikag;gLj;jpajhfTk; mike;jJ. me;j tifapy; itj;jpa

trjpfs; efu;g;Gwq;fspy; mjpfkhfTk; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; FiwthfTk;

fhzg;gl;ld.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; efug; Gwq;fisg; NghyNt fpuhkg;Gwq;fspYk;

Rfhjhu Nritfis tpupTgLj;Jk; Kfkhf Rfhjhu mikr;R> kfspu;

tptfhuk; kw;Wk; Nghjdh itj;jparhiyfs; mikr;R> RNjr itj;jpa

mikr;R Kjypa mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo; nghJkf;fSf;F rpwg;ghd itj;jpa

Nritfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

1950,y; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; Rfhjhu NritfSf;fhd

nryT 1.5% Mff; fhzg;gl 1970,y; mJ 2.1% Mf mjpfupj;jJ.

nghJ kf;fspd; Rfhjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf murhq;fk; mf;fiwf;

nfhz;Ls;sik ,jpypUe;J njspthfj; njupfpwJ.fle;j Ik;gJ

Mz;LfSs; Rfhjhu trjpfis mjpfupj;jJld; itj;jparhiyfs;> Rfhjhu

gzpapy; <LgLNthu; njhif itj;jpa cgfuzq;fs;> tpNrl Nrit>

rj;jpurpfpr;ir trjp FLk;g Rfhjhuk;> Rfhjhuf;fy;tp vd;gdtw;iwAk;

gy topfspYk; gutyhf;fpAs;sJ.

v 1959 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk; Vf;fyapy;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt nfhOk;Gf;F kl;LNk cupa mbg;gil trjpfs;

Vida gFjpfSf;Fk; gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1 9 6 0,y ; ,uj ;kyhida py ; ifj ;njho py ; FbNaw ; wk ;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likahdJ nfhOk;igr; Rw;wpAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;

ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.

v 1958 - 1968 gj;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; %yk; ghupa ifj;njhopy;fSk; rpW

ifj;njhopy;fSk; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.

1961 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; tq;fp> Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if

tq;fp vd;gd cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;Ff; fld;

cjtpfisr; nra;jd.

ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fisAk; epyj;ijAk;

,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mbg;gilapYk;> rdj;njhifiaf;

nfhOk;Gf;F ntspNa gutyilar; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpYk; ehl;bd; gy

ghfq;fspYk; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gl;ld.

v gPq;fhd;> uau;> fz;zhb> fljhrp> rPNke;J> ,Uk;G> cUf;F> xl;Lg;

gyif. ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;> Glit> Njhw; nghUl;fs; Kjypa

njhopw;rhiyfs; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fshy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld>


v 1947 ahidf;fhy; Neha; xopg;Gj;jpl;lk; Muk;gk;.

v 1949 fhrNuhfj;ijj; jLg;gjw;fhd B.C.G. jLg;G kUe;J mwpKfk;.

v 1954 F\;lNuhf xopg;Gj; jpl;lk; Muk;gk;.

v 1961 njhz;ilf; fug;ghd;> Ff;fy;> rpd;dKj;J vd;gtw;Wf;fhd

jLg;G kUe;J mwpKfk;.

v 1962 NghypNah nrhl;LkUe;J mwpKfk;.

v 1965 mk;ik Neha; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1966 Kjd; Kiwahfg; gutpa nlq;Ff; fha;r;rYf;fhd rpfpr;irfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; me;Neha; xopg ;G eltbf;iffSk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

v 1969 fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khUf;fhd Vw;Gtyp jilkUe;J mwpKfk;.

v 1970 kNyupah Esk;G Xopg;Gf;fhd kyj;jpad; ghtid.

v 1970Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ nfhyuh Nehia ehl;by; Kw;whf xopf;f

Kbe;jJ.

v fha;r;ry;> ahidf;fhy;> kNyupah> fhrNeha; Kjypa Nehahspfspd;

vz;zpf;if Fiwe;J nrd;wJ.

v ,yq;ifapy; 1946,y; fhrNehapdhy; 9250 Ngu; ,we;j mNjNtis>

1965,y; ,e;Nehapdhy; vtUNk ,wf;ftpy;iy.

v Neha;j;jLg;G> jha;khu;> Foe;ijfs;> ghlrhiy khztu;fs;

MfpNahUf;F Nkyjpf czT tpepNahfk;> gy;itj;jpaj;Jiw>

ghlrhiy Rfhjhu Nritfs; vd;gd Rfhjhuj; Jiwapd;

tsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

v 1972,y; FLk;g Rfhjhug; gpupT Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L mjd; %yk; jha;

Nra; eyd;> FLk;gj; jpl;lk;> Rfhjhuf; fy;tp KjypadTk; Rfhjhu

Nritapy; tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd.

v 1972,y; mur kUe;jhf;ff; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;f g;gl;likahy;

epahakhd tpiyapy; kUe;Jfis thq;f Kbe;jJ.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifaupd; Rfhjhu trjpfSk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;

MAl;fhyKk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUg;gij NkNy cs;s ml;ltizapd;

%yk; ePq;fs; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

njd; MrpahtpNy $ba MAs; vjpu;ghu;g;G> Fiwe;j rpR kuz

tPjk;> Fiwe;j rdj;njhifg; ngUf;f tPjk; vd;gd ,yq;ifapNyNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.


Nghf;Ftuj;J

rpwg;ghd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritahdJ cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;

Jiwia Nkk;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis nghJkf;fSf;Fk; rpwg;ghd

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritia toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifj;

juj;ijAk; cau;tilar; nra;Ak;.

Mq;fpNyauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapuj tPjpfs;>

JiwKfq;fs; vd;gd tsu;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gl;ld. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;

Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritf;fhd Njit mjpfupj;jikahy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;

JiwahdJ NkYk; tsu;r;rpf; fz;lJ.

ngUe;njUf;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit

v fpuhkq;fisAk;> efuq;fisAk; ngUe;njUf;fs; njhlu;G gLj;jpd.

v 1948 fspy; 53 g]; fk;gdpfs; ngUe;njUf;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

Nritia elhj;jpte;jd. murhq;fk; fl;lzj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jJ.

v 1958 [dtup Kjyhe; jpfjp Kjy; jdpahu; g]; fk;gdpfs; mur

kag;gLj;jg;gl;L Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit ,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

rigapd; VfNghf cupikahf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1978 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd;

fPo; ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rigAld; jdpahu; g]; tz;bfSk;

Nritapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ld.

v gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l

g]; fk;gdpfshf khw;wg;gl;L kPz;Lk; ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

rig vd;w ngaupy; ,d;Wtiu ,aq;fp tUtJld; ghlrhiy

khztHfSf;fhd khjhe;j gUtfhy rPl;Lf;fis 1948 - 1977 tiu

njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

GifapujNrit

gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Gifapuj NritahdJ

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

v 1948Mk; Mz;L tiu fhzg;gl;l epyf;fup %yk; ,aq;Fk;

e Puhtp vd;[pd;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf Bry; vd;[pd;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaikahy; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy;

ghupa khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.

v etPd trjptha;g;GfSld; $ba Gifapuj tz;bfs; ,wf;Fkjp

nra;ag;gl;lJld; fhl;rpfhz; $lq;fSld; $ba efu;Nru; fLfjp

NritfSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.


v Gifapujg; ghijfspd; etPd rkpf;iQj; njhFjpfs; %yk;

Gifapuj Nritfs ; Ju pjkile ;jJld ; gUtfhy

mDkjpr;rPl;Lf;fs; %yKk; Fiwthd fl;lzq;fs; %yKk;

nghJkf;fs; eyd;Gup NritfSk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1956 Kjy; clul;lnkdpf;Nf> U`{D Fkhup> nghb nkdpf;Nf>

aho; Njtp Kjyhd J}u ,lq;fSf;fhd Gifapuj NritfSk;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

JiwKf mgptpUj;jp

Mq;fpNyauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

1948 MFk; NghJ> cyfpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fSs; xd;whf ,J

khwpaJ.

1950 - 1965 fhyj;jpy; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gy eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

fg;gy; eq;$uj;jsq;fs; 16> kw;Wk; vyprngj; ,wq;FJiw>

gz;lhuehaf;f ,wq;FJiw> tp[a ,wq;FJiw> njw;Fg; ghyk;>

tlf;Fg;ghyk; vd;gd mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJld;. JiwKfk; mjpf

,yhgkPl;Lk; Jiwahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

v 1958,y; JiwKfk; murkakhdJ.

v 1960,y; ftu;r;rpfukhd eyd;Gup Nritfs; %yk; njhopyhsu;

gpur;rpid jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1964,y; JiwKfj;jpy; 10 ehl;fs; jupj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba

fg;gypd; fhy msT 1973 ,y; 3 ehl;fshff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1970,y; JiwKf mjpfhu rig cUthf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J

NkYk; mgptpUj;jp fz;lJ.

v 1973,y; mikf;fg;gl;l kj;jpa fg;gy; nghUl;fs; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

mgptpUj;jpf;F NkYk; cjtpaJ.

v 1977,y; mwpKfkhd jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; fPo;

JiwKf mjpfhu rig Clhf NkYk; mgptpUj;jp fz;lJ.

v xU ehl;bd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tsu;r;rpf;Fj; JiwKfk; Kf;fpa

,lkhf miktjhy; 1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Ml;rpf;F te;j midj;J

muRfSk; ,jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

njhlu;ghly; JiwapNyw;gl;l mgptpUj;jp

gpujhd njhlu;ghly; Jiwfshd jghy;> je;jp> njhiyNgrp

Nritfspy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;g;Nghk;.


jghy; Nrit

Mq;fpNyauhl;rpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l jghy; jpizf;fsk; ,d;Wtiu

jd; Nritiaj; njhlHfpd;wJ.

v 1948 jghy; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf thfd Nrit mwpKfg;gLj;-

jg;gl;lJ.

v 1949 nfhOk;G-aho;g;ghz tpkhd%ykhd jghy; Nrit

Muk;gkhdJ.

v 1949 mur Copau;fspd; Xa;T+jpak; jghy; fe;Njhu;fs; %yk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1958 rpq;fs vOj;Jf;fSld; $ba jghy; Kj;jpiufs;

mr;rplg;gl;ld.

v 1972 mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs; Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fpfshfTk;

nraw;gl;ld.

v 1977 ,d; gpd;du; Kftu; mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs; mwpKfg;-

gLj;jg;gl;ld.

gpupj;jhdpau; fhye;njhl;L ,d;W tiu> jghy; Nrit kf;fSf;F

mjpf gaidj; jUfpd;wJ. ehl;bd; ve;jnthU f\;l gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;

fbjk;> nghjp vd;gdtw;iw mDg;Gtjw;Fk;> fpuhk kf;fs; rpWnjhf

gzj;ijNaDk; Nrkpg;gpy; ,Ltjw;Fk; jghy; Nrit ngUk; gzpahw;wp

tUfpd;wJ.

,d;W jghy; gy;$l;Lj; njhFjpfs; gpujhd efuq;fspy; gy;NtW

tpjkhd NritfisAk; nghJkf;fSf;F toq;fp tUfpd;wd.

je;jp> njhiyNgrp Nritfs;.

v 1948,y; ,yq;ifapy; 8625 njhiyNgrpfs; kl;LNk fhzg;gl;lJld;

mtw;Ws; 5079 nfhOk;G efUs; fhzg;gl;ld.

v 1951,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nfgps; kw;Wk; tau;y]; (gpupj;jhdpa)

fk;gdp murhq;fj;jhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1963,y; nunyf;]; Nrit mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v 1966,y; Neubj; njhiyNgrp trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

v 1976,y; KjyhtJ nra;kjp gupkhw;W epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJld;

rHtNjr uPjpapy; njhiyj;njhlHG Nrit tpuptile;jJ.


RUf;fk;RUf;fk;RUf;fk;RUf;fk;RUf;fk;

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;if vDk; ghlj;ijf; fw;w

cq;fSf;Ff; fPo;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s

Kbe;jjh vd;W ghUq;fs;.

01. ghuhSkd;w [dehafKk; mJ nraw;gLtjw;fhd fl;rpKiw>

mikr;ruit vd;gdTk;.

02. 1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G> jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAk;

nfhz;l ehlhf ,yq;ifia khw;wpaikj;jJ.

03. 1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;G %yk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;

nfhz;l [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiw.

04. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l fy;tp> Rfhjhu>

tptrha> ifj;njhopy;> r%f eyd;Gup Nritfspy; Vw;gl;l

Kd;Ndw;wKk; ehL mtw;why; mile;j ed;ikfSk;.

thndhyp Nrit

v 1925 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; thndhyp Nrit mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v 1949 ,y; thndhypj; jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1950 [dtup Kjyhk; jpfjp Kjy; nuhupq;ld; rJf;fj;jpy; Gjpa

thndhyp kj;jpa epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L xypgug;G Neuk;

mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; vDk; Kk;nkhopfSk;

xNu miytupirapy; xypgug;ghfpd.

v 1950,y; tu;j;jfNrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J Njrpa

NritAk; rk mstpy; xypgug;ghfpaJ.

v 1951,y; fy;tpr;Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1967,y; ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1979,y; gpuhe;jpa xypgug;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v 1970 fspd; gpd;du;; mwpKfkhd buhd;rp];lu; thndhypg; ngl;bfs;

thndhypg; ghtidia mjpfupf;fr; nra;jd.

v 1980 fspd; gpd;du; ];BupNah> F. M. miythpir vDk; etPd

Nritfshy; thndhypr; Nritfs; tskile;Js;sd.

chapter - 06 - e-thaksalawa · ,ytrg; ghle}y; tpepnahfj;jpw;fhf77 tuyhw> juk; - 11 06...

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