chapter 01 - definitions

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  • 7/28/2019 Chapter 01 - Definitions

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    Investment: Commitment of current resources in the expectation of deriving greaterresources in the future.

    Real assets: Real assets are land, building, and equipment that are used to produce goods

    and services.

    Financial assets: Financial assets are claims such as securities to the income generated byreal assets.

    Fixed-income (debt) securities: A security such as a bond that pays a specified cash flow

    over a specific period.

    Equity: Ownership in a firm. Also, the net worth of a margin account.

    Primitive securities: A primitive security is an instrument such as a stock or bond forwhich payments depend only on the financial status of its issuer.

    Derivative securities: A derivative security is created from the set of primitive securities

    to yield returns that depend on factors beyond the characteristics of the issuer and thatmay be related to prices of other assets.

    Agency problem: Conflicts of interest among stockholders, bondholders, and managers.

    Asset allocation: Choosing among broad asset classes such as stocks versus bonds

    Security selection: Choosing the particular securities to include in a portfolio.

    Security analysis: Determining correct value of a security in the marketplace.

    Risk-return trade-off: If an investor is willing to take on risk, there is the reward of higher

    expected returns.

    Passive management: Buying a well-diversified portfolio to represent a broad-basedmarket index without attempting to search out mispriced securities.

    Active management: Attempts to achieve portfolio returns more than commensurate with

    risk, either by forecasting broad market trends or by identifying particular mispricedsectors of a market or securities in a market.

    Financial intermediaries: An institution such as a bank, mutual fund, investment company

    or insurance company that serves to connect the household and business sectors sohouseholds can invest and businesses can finance production.

    Investment companies: Firm managing funds for investors. An investment company may

    manage several mutual funds.

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    Investment bankers: Firms specializing in the sale of new securities to the public,typically by underwriting the issue.

    Primary market: New issues of securities are offered to the public here.

    Secondary market: Already existing securities are bought and sold on the exchanges or inthe OTC market.

    Globalization: Tendency toward a worldwide investment environment, and theintegration of national capital markets.

    Pass-through securities: Pools of loans (such as home mortgage loans) sold in one

    package. Owners of pass-throughs receive all principal and interest payments made bythe borrowers.

    Securitization: Pooling loans for various purposes into standardized securities backed by

    those loans, which can then be traded like any other security.

    Financial engineering: Creating and designing securities with custom-tailoredcharacteristics.

    Bundling: A trend allowing creation of securities by combining primitive and derivative

    securities into one composite hybrid.

    Unbundling: A trend allowing creation of securities by separating returns on an asset intoclasses.

    Lyhenteet:

    CD: A bank certificate of deposit.

    VC: A venture capitalist. A private investor who provides venture capital to promising

    business ventures.

    IPO: Initial public offering. The first sale of stock by a private company to the public.

    CFO: Chief financial officer.

    ADR: American Depository Receipt. Domestically traded secuirites representing claimsto shares of foreign stocks.

    ETF: Exchange-traded funds. Offshoots of mutual funds that allow investors to trade

    portfolios of securities just as they do shares of stock.

    WEBS: World Equity Benchmark share.

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    MSCI: Morgan Stanley Capital International

    GNMA: Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae).

    FNMA: Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae).

    FHLMC: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).

    OTC: Over-The-Counter market. A decentralized market of securities not listed on anexchange where market participants trade over the telephone, facsimile or electronic

    network instead of a physical trading floor. There is no central exchange or meeting placefor this market.