chapter 01

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chapter 01

History and Trends of Health Care

Leslie Connor

Global regarding repro disclaimer: Core text style is "Web site"; discrepancy OK?


1:1 History of Health Care

• Some treatment methods used today are from ancient times

• Herbs utilized in the past for both food and medicine are found in medications today


Ancient Times• Illness & disease were believed to be

caused by evil spirits & demons or punishment from gods, trepanation

• Limited knowledge, religion did not allow human dissections only animals

• ancient Egyptians - Earliest to keep accurate health records, Priests were the doctors & could read the medical knowledge from the god Thoth


Egyptians • Eye of Horus– 5000 years ago –Magic eye– amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and

evil– History: Horus lost vision in attack by Seth;

mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored

– Evolved into modern day Rx sign


Jewish Medicine• Avoided medical practice• Concentrated on health rules concerning food,

cleanliness, and quarantine• Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice– banned quackery (God was the only physician)– enforced Day of Rest (According to the Bible,

God rested on the seventh day of creation).


Greek Medicine• First to study causes of diseases• Research helped eliminate superstitions• Sanitary practices were associated with

the spread of disease


Greek Medicine• Hippocrates – no dissection, only observations – Developed an organized method to observe the

human body– took careful notes of signs/symptoms of many

diseases – disease was not caused by supernatural forces

• Father of Medicine– wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for

today’s medical ethics

Greek Medicine

• Aesculapius–staff and serpent

symbol of medicine–temples built in his

honor because the first true clinics and hospitals


Ancient Times (continued)

• Chinese believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the body


Ancient Times (continued)

• Romans implemented use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water

• In ancient times causes of disease had not been

• discovered and many illnesses were fatal

• Average life span of 20 to 35 years


The Dark Ages and Middle Ages• Interest in the medical practices

of Greeks and Romans• In the 1300s an epidemic of

bubonic plague (Black death) killed nearly 75% of the population of Europe and Asia



The Renaissance• Rebirth of the science of medicine• Human dissection to view body

organs• Printing press allowed • publication of medical books• Causes of disease were still a

mystery• Average life span of 30 to 40 years


The 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries• Knowledge of human • body greatly increased• Invention of microscope• Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and & sold medications• Smallpox vaccine discovered• Average life span of 40 to 50 years


The 19th Century• Industrial Revolution– Development of machines– Major progress in medical

science• Invention of stethoscope,

nurse training programs• Infection control • Average life span of 40 to

65 years


The 20th Century• The most rapid growth in

health care• X-rays, medicines, and vaccines

to prevent disease developed• The structure of DNA and

research in gene therapy (ongoing today)

• Health care plans


The 20th Century (continued)

• First open-heart surgery in 1950s

• Computer technology in every aspect of health care

• Unlimited possibilities for medical science in the future



The 21st Century• No Scar surgery using own body openings in 2008• WHO declared a pandemic of the H1N1 virus

(Swine Flu) in 2009• Coiling to treat brain aneurysm without brain

surgery in 2011• Patient Protection & Affordability Act was signed

into law in March 2010, fully enforced in 2014


The 21st Century• Human Genome Project • Embryonic stem cell and

cloned cell research• Threat of bioterrorism with the use of biologic agents as weapons• Viruses that can cause

pandemics


Resources• Human Genome Project - designed to identify all the

genes in human DNA. This website also contains articles about genetic diseases, testing, and counseling. http://www.genomics.energy.gov/

• National Library of Medicine - contains hundreds of & documents related to the history of medicine.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/

http://www.genomics.energy.gov/

http://www.genomics.energy.gov/



chapter 01

Documents

cengage learning

accessible website

ancient timesherbs

god thoth copyright

ancient timesillness

medical knowledge

ancient times continuedromans

body copyright