chapter 005 cardiovascular

Chapter 5The cardiovascular system

Copyright © Elsevier Ltd 2005. All rights reserved.

Figure 5.1 The relationship between the pulmonary and the systemic circulations.


Figure 5.2 The relationship between the heart and the different types of blood vessel.


Figure 5.3 Structures of an artery and a vein.


Figure 5.4 Interior of a vein: A. The valves and cusps. B. The direction of blood flow through a valve.


Figure 5.5 The relationship between sympathetic stimulation and blood vessel diameter.


Figure 5.6 The exchange of gases in internal respiration.


Figure 5.7 Diffusion of nutrients and waste products between capillaries and cells.


Figure 5.8 Effect of capillary pressures on water movement between capillaries and cells.


Figure 5.9 Position of the heart in the thorax.


Figure 5.10 Organs associated with the heart.


Figure 5.11 Layers of the heart wall.


Figure 5.12 Cardiac muscle, with fibres separated.


Figure 5.13 The heart and the great vessels, viewed from the front.


Figure 5.14 The left atrioventricular valve: A. Valve open. B. Valve closed.


Figure 5.15 Interior of the heart.


Figure 5.16 Direction of blood flow through the heart.


Figure 5.17 The aorta cut open to show the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve.


Figure 5.18 The relationship between the systemic and pulmonary circulations.


Figure 5.19 The coronary arteries.


Figure 5.20 The conducting system of the heart.


Figure 5.21 The stages of one cardiac cycle.


Figure 5.22 Diagram showing the elasticity of the walls of the aorta.


Figure 5.23 Electrocardiogram of one cardiac cycle.


Figure 5.24 The flow of blood through a vein, aided by the contraction of skeletal muscle.


Figure 5.25 Summary of the main mechanisms in blood pressure control.


Figure 5.26 The baroreceptor reflex.


Figure 5.27 The relationship between stimulation of chemoreceptors and arterial blood pressure.


Figure 5.28 The main pulse points.


Figure 5.29 The aorta and its main branches.


Figure 5.30 The arch of the aorta and its branches.


Figure 5.31 Main arteries of the left side of the head and neck.


Figure 5.32 The aorta and the main arteries of the limbs.


Figure 5.33 The vena cavae and the main veins of the limbs. Deep veins in dark blue and superficial veins in light blue.


Figure 5.34 Arteries forming the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis) and its main branches to the brain.


Figure 5.35 The right vertebral artery.


Figure 5.36 Veins of the left side of the head and neck.


Figure 5.37 Venous sinuses of the brain viewed from the right.


Figure 5.38 Venous sinuses of the brain viewed from above.


Figure 5.39 The superior vena cava and the veins which form it.


Figure 5.40 The main arteries of the right arm.


Figure 5.41 The main veins of the right arm. Dark blue indicates deep veins.


Figure 5.42 The aorta and its main branches in the thorax.


Figure 5.43 The superior vena cava and the main veins of the thorax.


Figure 5.44 The abdominal aorta and its branches.


Figure 5.45 The coeliac artery and its branches and the inferior phrenic arteries.


Figure 5.46 The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and their branches.


Figure 5.47 Venous drainage from the abdominal organs and the formation of the portal vein.


Figure 5.48 The portal vein formation and termination.


Figure 5.49 The femoral artery and its main branches.


Figure 5.50 The right popliteal artery and its main branches.


Figure 5.51 Superficial veins of the leg.


Figure 5.52 A. The aorta and main arteries of the body.


Figure 5.52 B. The venae cavae and main veins of the body.


Figure 5.53 Stages in the development of an atheromatous plaque.


Figure 5.54 Arteriosclerotic arteries.


Figure 5.55 Types of aneurysm.


Figure 5.56 A. Normal and varicosed veins. B. Common sites for varicosities the leg, scrotum (varicocele) and anus (haemorrhoids).


Figure 5.57 Mechanisms of oedema formation: A. Normal distribution of tissue fluid. B, C and D. Different mechanisms of oedema formation. Arrows indicate direction of movement of water.


Figure 5.58 ECG traces: A. Normal sinus rhythm. B. Life-threatening arrhythmias.


Figure 5.59 The position of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus. The arrow indicates the direction of flow of blood from the pulmonary circulation into the aorta.


Figure 5.60 Atrioseptal valve: normal and defective closure after birth.
