chapt08 holes lecture[1]
TRANSCRIPT
Edited by Brenda HolmesMSN/EdAssociate Professor
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South Arkansas Community College
Chapter 8Joints of the Skeletal System
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• Are known as articulations• Functional junctions between bones• Bind parts of skeletal system together• Make bone growth possible• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction• Three (3) classifications of joints will be considered
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• (1) Fibrous joints• Dense connective tissues connect bones• Between bones in close contact
• (2) Cartilaginous joints• Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
• (3) Synovial joints• Most complex• Allow free movement
• These joints are also known as:• Synarthrotic joints
• Considered immovable• Amphiarthrotic joints
• Slightly movable• Diarthrotic joints
• Freely movable
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• There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses):• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis
• Syndesmosis:• A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones• Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)
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Fibula
Interosseusmembraneof leg
Tibia
Medialmalleolus
Anteriortibiofibularligament(interosseusligament)
Lateralmalleolus
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• Suture:• Between flat bones• See teeth-like projections• Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones• Skull
• Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process in a socket• Tooth in jawbone
Margin ofsuture
Parietalbone
Suture
Suturalbones
Occipitalbone
(a) (b)
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Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
Periodontalligament
Alveolarprocess ofmandible
Root oftooth
Crown oftooth
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• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):• Synchondrosis• Symphysis
• Synchondrosis:• Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones• Epiphyseal plate (temporary)• Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages)
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Thoracicvertebra
Costal cartilage
Manubrium
First rib
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• Symphysis:• Pad of fibrocartilage between bones• Pubic symphysis• Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
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Gelatinouscore
Spinous process
Band offibrocartilage
Pubis
Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis
Intervertebraldiscs
(a) (b)
Body ofvertebra
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• Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses)• There are three (3) types of diarthroses• There are specific parts of a diarthroses:
• Articular cartilage• Joint cavity• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane• Synovial fluid• Meniscus• Bursae
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Spongybone
Joint cavityfilled withsynovialfluid Synovial
membrane
Articularcartilage
Jointcapsule
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• Uni-axial• Hinge joint• Pivot or trochoid joint
• Bi-axial• Saddle or sellar joint• Condylar or ellipsoidal joint
• Multi-axial• Ball and socket joint• Gliding or plane joint
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• Pivot Joint• Between atlas (C1) and the dens of axis (C2)
• Hinge Joint• Elbow joint• Between phalanges
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(e) Pivot joint
Dens
Transverseligament
Atlas
Axis
(d) Hinge joint
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
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• Saddle Joint• Between carpal and 1st metacarpal (of thumb)
• Condylar Joint• Between metacarpals and phalanges• Between radius and carpals
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Metacarpal
Phalanx
(b) Condylar joint
(f) Saddle joint
Firstmetacarpal
Trapezium
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• Ball-and-Socket Joint• Hip joint• Shoulder joint
• Gliding Joint• Between carpals• Between tarsals• Between facets of adjacent vertebrae
Hip bone
(a) Ball-and-socket joint
Head of femurin acetabulum
Femur
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(c) Plane joint
Carpals
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• Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).
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• Abduction/adduction• Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Flexion/extension/hyperextension• Lateral flexion
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Abduction
Adduction
Extension
Flexion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
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© McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
Circumduction
Medialrotation
Lateralrotation
Supination
Pronation
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• Rotation• Circumduction• Supination/pronation
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• Eversion/inversion• Protraction/retraction• Elevation/depression
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Inversion Eversion
Protraction Retraction
Elevation
Depression
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• The shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are large, freely moveable joints.
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• Ball-and-socket• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula• Loose joint capsule• Bursae• Ligaments prevent displacement• Very wide range of movement (circumduction)
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Humerus
Articular cartilage
Scapula
ClavicleAcromion process Subdeltoid bursa
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
(a)
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© Paul Reimann
Head of humerus
Joint cavity
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Scapula
Humerus
(b)
Coracohumeralligament
Transversehumeralligament
Tendon ofbicepsbrachii(long head)
Acromion processClavicle
Coracoidprocess
Acromionprocess
Subscapularbursa
Jointcapsule
Coracoidprocess
Clavicle
Glenohumeralligaments
Glenoid cavity
Tricepsbrachii(long head)
Glenoidlabrum
Scapula
Humerus
Scapula
Articular capsule(glenohumeralligaments hidden)
(a) (b)
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• Hinge joint• Trochlea of humerus• Trochlear notch of ulna
• Gliding joint• Capitulum of humerus• Head of radius
• Flexion and extension• Many reinforcing ligaments• Stable joint
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Humerus
Joint capsule
Synovialmembrane
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Coronoid process
Anularligament
Radius
Ulna
Olecranonprocess
Trochlea
(a)
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Radius
Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle
Anular ligament
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Ulnar collateral ligamentCoronoid processUlna
Humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Anular ligament Radius
Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Ulna
(b)(a)
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• Ball-and-socket joint• Head of femur and acetabulum of coxa• Heavy joint capsule• Many reinforcing ligaments• Less freedom of movement than shoulder joint• Circumduction
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Hip bone
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Ligamentum capitis
Femur
(a)
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(b)
Joint cavity
Articularcartilage
Hip bone
Head of femur
Joint capsule
Femur
© Paul Reimann
Ilium
IliofemoralligamentGreatertrochanter
Femur
Lessertrochanter
Pubis
Pubofemoralligament
Ischium
IliofemoralligamentIschiofemoralligament
Femur
Ilium
(a) (b)
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• Largest joint• Most complex• Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and• Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and• Femur articulates anteriorly with patella• Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons• Menisci separate femur and tibia• Bursae
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Femur
Quadriceps femoris tendon(patellar tendon)
Synovial membraneSuprapatellar bursa
PatellaPrepatellar bursa
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Menisci
Patellar ligament
Infrapatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Tibia
(a)
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Anterior cruciateligament
Femur
(b)
Lateral condyle
Lateral meniscus
Articularcartilage
Lateralcondyle
Head of fibula
Tibia
Fibula
© Paul Reimann
Gastroc-nemiusmuscle(cut)
Popliteusmusclecut)
Obliquepoplitealligament
Arcuatepoplitealligament
Fibula Tibia
Femur
Jointcapsule
Fibularcollateralligament
Plantarismuscle(cut)
Tibialcollateralligament
Tendon ofsemimembranosus(cut)
(a) (b)
Femur
Lateralcondyle
Lateralmeniscus
Lateralcondyle
Fibularcollateralligament
Fibula
Tibia
Medialcondyle
Anteriorcruciateligament
Medialmeniscus
Medialcondyle
Tibialcollateralligament
Patellarligament(cut)
Posteriorcruciateligament
Tendon ofadductormagnus (cut)
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Replacing Joints
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Joint Disorders
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• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging• Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs) • Synovial joints lose elasticity• Disuse hampers the blood supply• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer
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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed
8.1: Introduction List the functions of joints.8.2: Classification of Joints Explain how joints can be classified according the type of tissue that binds the bones together. Describe how bones of fibrous joints are held together. Describe how bones of cartilaginous joints are held together.8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint Describe the general structure of a synovial joint.8.4: Types of Synovial Joints Distinguish among the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each type.8.5: Types of Joint Movements Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints, and identify several types of joint movements.
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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed
8.6: Examples of Synovial Joints Describe the shoulder joint and explain how its articulating parts are held together. Describe the elbow, hip, and knee joints and explain how their articulating parts are held together.8.7: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in joints.
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Quiz 8
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