Chap.12 (nutrient regeneration)

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(nutrient regeneration)12.1 12.2 (weathering)breakdown12.3 12.4 12.5

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(nutrient regeneration)12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

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12.1 Fig. 12-2 REplant roots

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Fig. 12-1 profile of a poorly developed soil.

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12.2 (weathering)breakdownFig.12-3 weathering

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12.3 micellesMicelle Permanent charges (pH) (Mg+2 Al+3)pH dependent charge cation exchange capacity (CEC) (p.232)

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Fig. 12-5

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Fig. 12-6 P()R()

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12.4 Weathering adds little of these nutrients to the soil. (N, P. S)Plant production () depends on the rapid regeneration of nutrients from detritus ()

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Nutrient cycling in detritus(1) leaching of soluble minerals and organic compounds by water, (10%-30%)(2) consumption by large detritus-feeding organisms(millipedes, earthworms, ) (30-45%)(3) by fungi ()(4) by bacteria

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Fig. 12-8 cellulose lignin

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Fig. 12-9 C root cortexSvascular tissue stele

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Fig. 12-10

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12.5 The high productivity of tropical forests is supported by (1) rapid regeneration of nutrients from detritus under the warm, humid condition, (2) rapid uptake of nutrients by plants from the top layers of the soil, and (3) efficient retention of nutrients by plants.

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Fig. 12-11 (a) Costa Rica 2

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Fig. 12-11 (b)

Planting crops on clear-cut in the Tropics has had disastrous consequences.

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Fig. 12-12 A clear-cut at ehe Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory, North Carolina.(1) increased stream flow several times(2) losses of cation increased 3 to 20 times(3) net loss of nitrogen as nitrate soared to 54kg/ha(1-3Kg/ha)

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12.6 (regeneration) Fig. 12-13 Diagram of a lake ecosystem.Benthic Zone ()Littoral zone ()()

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Fig. 12-14

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ammonification nitrification (Fig. 11-13)denitrification N2 Wisconsin Mendota13%(28,100)denitrificationstrong interchange

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Fig. 12-15

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Fig. 12-16 Thioploca S N

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12.7 Fig. 12-17 food chains plankton-basedmicrobial-based

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12.8 Fig. 12-19

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Fig. 12-18 (CPOM)(FPOM)(DOM)

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12.9 Fig. 12-20 salt marshes

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Fig. 12-21 Energy flow diagram for a Georgia salt marsh.

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Nitrogen budget

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Suggested readingsBaskin, Y. (1995) Can iron supplementation make the equatorial Pacific bloom? BioScience 45:314-316.Bertness, M. D. (1992) The ecology of a New England salt marsh. American Scientist 80:260-268.Jordan, C. F. (1982) Amazon rain forests. American Scientist 70:394-401.Tunnicliffe, V (1992) Hydrothermal-vent communities of the deep sea. American Scientist 80:336-349.

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