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Ash DepressionFearNeuronPiagetMemorySkinner

EEGERPTMS (Transcranial Magnetic StimulationPET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography Scan)MRISingle cell recording

Thomas KuhnThomas KuhnKuhn normal sciencerevolutionary science

Thomas KuhnKuhn paradigm

Thomas Kuhn Kuhn

Wilhelm Wundt

Wundt 1879 ()

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introspection

FriedrichMax Friedrich G. Stanley Hall Max Friedrich Max Friedrich the duration of apperception

FriedrichMax FriedrichAB A B

structuralism

William James

William JamesWilliam

Great PsychologistsSigmund Freud

Phillip ReiffPaul RoazenPaul Tillich

E.M. ThorntonThorntonSir Peter Medawar

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Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Behaviorist John B. Watson(1878-1958)1912behaviorist1913Psychological ReviewABC

Behaviorist

behaviorist19601965Ulric NeisserCognitive PsychologyNeisser

1960

1980 associationist approach1990neuropsychology

Lewin1979

variable subjectparticipant

independent variable dependent variable confounding variable controlled variable

12

100

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correlation coefficient

correlation coefficient r -1 +1

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natural observationcontrolled observation Jane Goodall

1518891857Joseph Haven

183918981854186118701878

190219031905

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1907Harold Hoffding188218861891............19073010

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1886-1983188682219831897

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1987 http://chntlb.chshs.tpc.edu.tw/science/content/1987/00100214/0010.htmJournal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology1972Zing-Yang Kuo

189819701918Watson

1923 26 1926

() http://edu.sina.com.cn/y/news/2005-09-20/224244396.html

19461970

-- 1920

--1921 Journal ofPhilosophy Givingup instinctsin psychology William McDougall

--(1930)

--1214