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Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells

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Page 1: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Chap 2

Chemical Composition of Cells

Page 2: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Key Knowledge

• General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells

• Composition of cells– Major groups of organic or inorganic substances

• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Nucleic Acids• Water • Minerals• Vitamins• Their general role in cell structure and function

Page 3: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Inorganic Versus Organic

• Organic– Complex carbon-containing molecules – C, H,

O, sometimes N, P. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

• Inorganic– All other compounds that are not organic– Water, minerals

– CO2 – (no H)

Page 4: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Table 2.3 – Organic Compounds in cell

• A3 – Poster – Put information onto table into Poster

Page 5: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups
Page 6: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Plasma Membrane

• Membrane forms the boundary between the inside the of the cell and the environment on the outside of the cell.

• It must be able to allow substances to pass across it.

• Cellular respiration – oxygen and glucose move into the cell, waste products carbon dioxide and water move out

• Photosynthesis – carbon dioxide and water move into the plant cell for photosynthesis, glucose and oxygen move out.

Page 7: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Plasma Membrane

• Flexible structure – change shape• Able to grow and expand• Reseal punctures in the membrane• Able to break and reassemble• Double layer of phospholipid molecules –

phospholipid bilayer.• Cholesterol interspersed between phospholipid

molecules – strong bonds – flexibility.• Water – loving (hydrophilic)• Water-hating (hydrophobic)

Page 8: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Lipids

• Fats and Oil

• Fats are solid at room temperature

• Oils are liquid

• Triglyceride – tri – 3 fatty acids, one glycerol.

• Fatty acid contains only one single bonds – saturated fat. (animal fats) – also withstand higher temperatures

Page 9: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Lipids

• Double bonds between carbon atoms – unsaturated.

• Many double bonds between carbon atoms described as polyunsaturated.

• Double bonds more easily broken down by cells in your body than single bonds.

Page 10: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Vitamins

• Essential• Organic molecules• Needed in minute amounts• Help body grow, assist in normal functioning of

many metabolic processes and change food into energy.

• Water – soluble– B, C

• Fat-soluble – A,D,E and K

Page 11: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Minerals

• Produce a poster on the vitamins and minerals.

• Why they are important, what happens if you are not getting enough.

Page 12: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Proteins

• Protein booklet – What is a protein, What are proteins made up of, draw the chemical diagram of an amino acid, essential amino acid, non-essential amino acid, structural proteins, enzymes, properties of enzymes, concept map of proteins. Denaturation, what is it, why is it important.

Page 13: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Enzymes

• Work rapidly• Ends in –ase• Not destroyed or altered by the reactions that they

catalyse, so they can be used• Action depends on shape, can be changed by

temperature, acidity• Can work in either direction • Affected by temperature – optimal range – below

optimum they do not function effectively. Above they are denatured – change shape.

• Sensitive to pH• Specific to particular reactions• Enzyme substrate complex

Page 14: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Enzymes

• Enzyme + substrate(s) enzyme – substrate complex enzyme + end product

• Active site

• Lock and key mechanism

• Induced fit

• Organic catalysts

Page 15: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Denaturation

• 3D shape

• Change in shape caused by environmental conditions

Page 16: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

The cell wall

• Plant cells – cellulose – carbohydrates

Page 17: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Carbohydrates

• C,H,O• 1:2:1• Glucose C6H12O6

• Monosaccharides • Disaccharides – two sugars• Polysaccharides – many sugars• Starch• Glycogen

Page 18: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Cytoplasm

• Cells approximately 80% water

• Fluid medium for substances to move about within the cells

Page 19: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Water

• Solvent – a substance in which other substances can be dissolved, the most common being water

• Extracellular fluids – fluids surrounding and bathing a cell.

• Temperature – stablilising effects of water

• Water’s cohesion – surface tension

Page 20: Chap 2 Chemical Composition of Cells. Key Knowledge General role of the enzymes in biochemical activities of cells Composition of cells –Major groups

Concept Poster

• Cell Wall

• Cytoplasm

• Cytoskeleton

• Mitochondrion

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Golgi Apparatus / Lysosomes

• Nucleus / Nucleic Acids