chap. 13: authentication p. janicke 2012. chap. 13 -- authentication2 authentication a subset of...
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CHAP. 13:AUTHENTICATION
P. JANICKE
2012
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 2
AUTHENTICATION
• A SUBSET OF RELEVANCE
• AUTHENTICATION EVIDENCE IS
– NEEDED BEFORE DOCUMENTS AND TANGIBLE THINGS ARE RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE
– NOT NEEDED FOR TESTIMONY
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 3
MEANING OF AUTHENTICATION PROOF:
• EVIDENCE THAT THE DOCUMENT (OR PHYSICAL THING) IS WHAT ITS PROPONENT CONTENDS IT IS
– EXAMPLE: THE STEERING WHEEL FROM THE DEFENDANT’S CAR
– EXAMPLE: A CHECK WRITTEN AND SIGNED BY D.
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 4
• HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH DOCUMENT BEING TRUTHFUL– EXAMPLE – A FORGED CHECK IS
“AUTHENTIC” IF THE PROPONENT (LAWYER OFFERING) CONTENDS IT’S A FORGED CHECK
– EXAMPLE – A COUNTERFEIT BILL, OFFERED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN A COUNTERFEITING CASE, IS “AUTHENTIC” IF THE GOVERNMENT CONTENDS IT IS COUNTERFEIT
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 5
PROPONENT CONTROLS HOW MUCH FOUNDATION EVIDENCE IS
NEEDED
• SHE CAN DECIDE WHAT HER CONTENTION IS:– A STEERING WHEEL FROM A ’99 FORD
EXPLORER, vs.– THE STEERING WHEEL FROM P’S ’99 FORD
EXPLORER
– AN AXE OF THE ZZZ TYPE, vs.– THE MURDER WEAPON
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 6
• MUST OF COURSE STAY WITHIN THE BOUNDS OF RELEVANCE
• IF “A STEERING WHEEL” HAS NO RELEVANCE, AUTHENTICATION ALONE WON’T ALLOW IT IN
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 7
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
• A METHOD OF AUTHENTICATING ITEMS THAT COULD HAVE BEEN ALTERED
• NO HARD-AND-FAST REQUIREMENTS
• CHAIN WITH BROKEN LINKS SOMETIMES RULED O.K.
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PROBLEMS/CASES
• 13A
• Howard-Arias
2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 8
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 9
TAKING THE AUTHENTICATING WITNESS ON VOIR DIRE
• TEXAS : VORR DYER
• REST OF U.S.: VWAHR DEER
• COURT CONTROLS PER RULE 611– BUT PERMISSION IS OFTEN ASSUMED
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 10
• IT IS GENERALLY IMPROPER TO TAKE THE AUTHENTICATING WITNESS ON VOIR DIRE PRIOR TO TIME WHEN THE DOCUMENT OR OBJECT IS OFFERED IN EVIDENCE–WOULD INTERRUPT THE FOUNDATION
EVIDENCE OF THE PROPONENT
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 11
JUDGE IS GATEKEEPER, AS USUAL
• JUDGE’S RULING IS NOT BINDING ON THE JURY
• JUDGE IS NOT BOUND BY EVIDENCE RULES (EXCEPT PRIVILEGE)
• HOWEVER, >>>>>
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 12
JURY IS ULTIMATE DECIDER OF ALL FACTS
(INCLUDING AUTHENTICITY)
• THEREFORE, MOST LAWYERS ELECT TO USE AN AUTHENTICATION METHOD THAT FOLLOWS THE RULES OF EVIDENCE AND CAN BE INTRODUCED IN JURY’S PRESENCE
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 13
WAYS TO AUTHENTICATE[RULE 901(b)]
• TEN ARE LISTED IN THE RULE
• LIST IS ILLUSTRATIVE, NOT EXCLUSIVE.
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 14
• #1: TESTIMONY FROM A LAY WITNESS WITH KNOWLEDGE
– THE MOST TRADITIONAL WAY
– PROBABLY THE MOST DRAMATIC
– DON’T LEAD! (IT RUINS THE DRAMA)
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 15
AFFIDAVIT TESTIMONY ON AUTHENTICITY
– OFTEN USED IN BENCH TRIALS
– IN JURY TRIALS, AFFIDAVITS ARE INADMISSIBLE HEARSAY
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 16
PROS AND CONS OF AFFID. PRACTICE
• PRO: CAN’T BE CROSS-EXAMINED
• CON: AFFIDAVITS ARE PREPARED OUT OF COURT AND ARE LOADED WITH HEARSAY STATEMENTS OF THE AFFIANT; NORMALLY INADMISSIBLE
• CON: CAN’T BE SHOWN OR READ TO THE JURY
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 17
METHOD #3: COMPARISON BY EXPERT WITNESS OR BY JURY
– COMPARISON TO PREVIOUSLY ADMITTED SPECIMENS
– WITH JURY, THERE’S NO WAY FOR THEM TO PRE-ANNOUNCE THEIR RULING ON AUTHENTICITY
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 18
METHOD #4: DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
– PROBLEM: POINTING THEM OUT WITHOUT A WITNESS
–WORKABLE ONLY IN BENCH TRIALS
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 19
VOICE AUTHENTICATIONMETHOD #5
• REQUIRES FAMILIARITY
• BUT IT CAN BE ACQUIRED AFTER THE PHONE CALL IN QUESTION
• E.G., BY HEARING A PARTY SPEAK IN COURTROOM OR IN A DEPOSITION
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 20
ALTERNATE VOICE AUTHENTICATION METHOD
• #6 – FOR PHONE CALLS, TESTIMONY THAT
– X’S PHONE NUMBER WAS DIALED AND CIRCUMSTANCES SUGGEST X WAS ON THE LINE• CAN INCLUDE SELF-IDENTIFICATION
– SIMILAR PROCEDURE FOR A BUSINESS
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PROBLEMS/CASES
• 13B
• 13D
• 13E
• 13H
2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 21
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 22
AUTHENTICITY DOES NOT ASSURE ADMISSIBILITY
• AUTHENTICITY IS ONLY ONE PRONG OF ADMISSIBILITY
• DOCUMENTS MAY STILL CONTAIN HEARSAY (USUALLY DO) AND BE OBJECTIONABLE --->– R901(7): E.G. BIRTH RECORD– IT’S AUTHENTIC, BUT ....
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 23
• SO FAR, WE KNOW 2 TYPES OF DOCUMENTS THAT ARE NOT HEARSAY– DOCUMENTS WRITTEN BY THE OTHER SIDE– DOCUMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE AN
ELEMENT OF THE CASE (E.G., CONTRACT; LEASE)
• FOR THESE, AUTHENTICITY IS ALL THAT IS NEEDED
• FOR OTHER DOCUMENTS, A HEARSAY EXCEPTION (R803) WILL BE NEEDED
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 24
SELF-AUTHENTICATING DOCUMENTS [RULE 902]
• PUBLIC DOCUMENTS UNDER SEAL
• PUBLIC DOCUMENTS NOT UNDER SEAL, BUT WITH SEALED ATTESTATION SHEET ATTACHED
• GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
• NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 25
• TRADEMARKS ON GOODS OR PREMISES– INCLUDES CORPORATE LOGOS
• DOCUMENTS WITH PRIVATE SIGNATURES, BUT ACKNOWLEDGED BEFORE A NOTARY
• BUSINESS RECORDS WITH DECLARATION
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2012 Chap. 13 -- Authentication 26
PROBLEMS/CASES
• 13J