chap 002
DESCRIPTION
research methodology.....TRANSCRIPT
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2-1
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2-2McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights
Reserved.
Part OneINTRODUCTION TO
BUSINESS RESEARCH
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Chapter TwoAPPLYING SCIENTIFIC
THINKING TO MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
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Sources of Knowledge
• Empiricists attempt to describe, explain, and make predictions through observation
• Rationalists believe all knowledge can be deduced from known laws or basic truths of nature
• Authorities serve as important sources of knowledge, but should be judged on integrity and willingness to present a balanced case
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The Essential Tenets of Science
• Direct observation of phenomena
• Clearly defined variables, methods, and procedures
• Empirically testable hypotheses
• Ability to rule out rival hypotheses
• Statistical justification of conclusions
• Self-correcting process
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Ways to Communicate
• Exposition – descriptive statements that merely state
and do not give reason
• Argument– allows us to explain, interpret, defend,
challenge, and explore meaning
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Important Arguments in Research
• Deduction is a form of inference that purports to be conclusive
• Induction draws conclusions from one or more particular facts
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The Building Blocks of Theory
• Concepts
• Constructs
• Definitions
• Variables
• Propositions and Hypotheses
• Theories
• Models
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Understanding Concepts
• A concept is a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors
• Concepts have been developed over time through shared usage
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Understanding Concepts
• The success of research hinges on:
– how clearly we conceptualize
– how well others understand the concepts we use
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What is a Construct?
• A construct is an image or idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose.
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Types of Variables
• Independent
• Dependent
• Moderating
• Extraneous
• Intervening
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The Role of the Hypothesis
• Guides the direction of the study
• Identifies facts that are relevant
• Suggests which form of research design is appropriate
• Provides a framework for organizing the conclusions that result
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What is a Good Hypothesis?
• A good hypothesis should fulfill three conditions:– Must be adequate for its purpose– Must be testable– Must be better than its rivals
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The Value of a Theory
• Narrows the range of facts we need to study
• Suggests which research approaches will yield the greatest meaning
• Suggests a data classification system
• Summarizes what is known about an object of study
• Predicts further facts that should be found