challenges to control cross-crop pests in brazilian multi-crop environment : celso omoto
TRANSCRIPT
Challenges to Control Cross-Crop Pests in Brazilian Multi-Crop Environment
Celso OmotoUniversity of São Paulo
150 years
• Brazilian agriculture: implications for IPM
• Changes in insect population dynamics and crop management practices with Bt crops and recent detection of Helicoverpa armigera
• Major challenge for enhancing crop yield in Brazil
OUTLINE
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEV MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
Major crop season in BrazilBefore 1990’s
Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/16886442
The miracle of Cerrado
Corn Production Area in Brazil (1990-2013)(million of hectares)
Source: CONAB
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1st Season 2nd Season
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
1st season2nd season Irrigated
crops
Crop growing seasons
≈ 6.1 million ha≈ 9.3 million ha
Cotton≈ 1.0 million ha
Source: Conab / IBGE (2014)
Soybean≈ 30 million ha
CornCorn
Irrigation
Chrysodeixis includens in soybean and cotton
Credit: Paulo E. Saran
Tetranychid mites in soybean and cotton
Credit: Paulo E. Saran
Credit: Flávio Moscardi
Bemisia tabaci Biotype B
Stink bugs in cotton
Credit: Paulo E. Saran
Dysdercus spp.
Credit: Paulo E. Saran
Soybean Maize
Millet
Credit: Paulo E. Saran
S. frugiperdain cotton and soybean crops
Increase problem of Spodoptera spp. in cotton and soybean crops
Detection of Helicoverpa armigera in Brazil in 2013
Czepak et al. (2013); Spetch et al. (2013)
Barbosa, 2012Credit: Barbosa
http://www.pesticideresistance.com
48 active ingredients
686 cases
246 locations
Resistance cases in the world - H. armigera
Spinosad
Bifenthrin
Zeta cypermethrin
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Fenvarelate
Thiodicarb
Chlorpyrifos
Cross-Crop Pests
Corn
Spodoptera frugiperdaHelicoverpa spp.Stink bugs and other bugsAphidsWhiteflies
Cotton
Spodoptera frugiperdaS. eridaniaS. cosmioidesHelicoverpa armigeraHeliothis virescensChrysodeixis includensStink bugs and other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites
Soybean
Spodoptera frugiperdaS. eridaniaS. cosmioidesHelicoverpa armigeraHeliothis virescensChrysodeixis includensStink bugs and other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites
Major Cropping Systems in Western Bahia, Brazil
Source: Círculo Verde
• 1980´s 2 to 4 insecticide sprays Production cost: US$ 300-400/ha
• 1990´s 5 to 7 insecticide spraysProduction cost: US$ 500-600/ha
• 2000´s 6 a 8 insecticide spraysProduction cost: US$ 800/ha
• 2012/13 > 10 insecticide spraysProduction cost: ≈ US$ 950/ha
Soybean in Western Bahia
Source: ADAB, ABAPA, AIBA, Fundação BA
Pesticide Sales in Brazilian Agriculture2009 - 2013
6.6267.304
8.4889.710
11.454
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Value in US$ MilhõesSource: SINDIVEG (2014)
Citrus2%
Coffee2% Cotton
9%
Corn10%
Sugarcane10%
Soybean51%
Others (22)16%
Pesticide Value per Crop –US$ (1000)
Source: SINDIVEG (2014)
Soybean + Sugarcane+ Corn + Cotton80%
2013 = Total R$ 24,5 bi = US$ 11,4 billion
Goiás
MinasGerais
São Paulo
Resistance Monitoring1996-2015
BahiaMato Grosso
Mato Grossodo Sul
Paraná
Rio Grandedo SulSpodoptera frugiperda
Chemical Class IRAC Classification
Organophosphates 1BPyrethroids 3
Benzoylureas 11Spinosyns 5
Carbamates 1AIndoxacarb 22ADiamides 28
Bacillus thuringiensis 16
High f(R)
Low tointermetiate
f(R)
?
Insecticide Resistance Status of Spodopterafrugiperda in Brazil
Bt crops in Brazil
Source: CTNBio (2014)
Crop Bt protein(s)
Cotton Cry1AcCry1Ac/Cry1FCry1Ac/Cry2Ab2Cry1Ab/Cry2Ae
Corn Cry1Ab
Cry1FCry1A.105/Cry2Ab2VIP3Aa20Cry1Ab/VIP3Aa20
Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F
Cry1Ab/Cry1F
Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry3Bb1
Soybean Cry1Ac
Spodoptera frugiperdaFall armyworm
Helicoverpa zeaCorn earworm
Diatraea saccharalisSugarcane borer
Bt maize in Brazil:Key Target Pests at Risk
2013/14 p
Source: CÉLERES® | % of total maize area | Updated in August 2013
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 p
Total 1st Season 2nd Season
Adoption of transgenic maize technology in Brazil(% cultivated area)
Resistance Monitoring of S. frugiperda to Cry1F
Farias et al. (2014)
Discriminating concentration: 2.000 ng cm-2
Frequency of Resistance of S. frugiperda to Cry1F
Farias et al. (2014)
Bt crop Refuge
Suscetível
Resistente
Refuge Area
Susceptibleor
Resistant?
SusceptibleResistant
Depend on the Bt protein and concentration expressed in the plant
% Mortality(Probit)
Log Concentration of Bt toxin
SS RS RR
A
Concentration A Resistance is functionally DOMINANT
Low dose or high dose?Low or High Dose
% Mortality(Probit)
Log Concentration of Bt toxin
SS RS RR
A B
Concentration A Resistance is functionally DOMINANT
Concentration B Resistance is functionally RECESSIVE
Low dose or high dose?Low or High Dose
Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Allele frequency:
f(R) = p = 0.001 (10-3)f(S) = q = 0.999
Genotypic frequency: in 1 million
f(RR) = p2 = 0.000001 1
f(RS) = 2pq = 0.001998 1,998
f(SS) = q2 = 0.998001 998,001
% Mortality(Probit)
Concentration of Cry1F
SS RS RR
High Efficacy kill 100% of SS individuals but is not a high-dose eventSome RS individuals can survive on Bt maize plants
Spodoptera frugiperdaCry1F High Efficacy
Farias (2014)
Alabama argillaceaCotton leafworm
Heliothis virescensTobbaco budworm
Pectinophora gossypiellaPink bollworm
Bt cotton in Brazil:Key Target Pests at Risk
• Cry1Ac (2005) 20% refuge area
Alabama argillaceaCotton leafworm
Heliothis virescensTobacco budworm
Spodoptera frugiperdaFall armyworm
Pectinophora gossypiellaPink bollworm
Chrysodeixis ncludensSoybean looper
Bt cotton in Brazil:Key Target Pests at Risk
Helicoverpa armigeraCry1AcCry1Ac + Cry2AbCry1Ac + Cry1FCry1Ab + Cry2Ae
20% Refuge
Anticarsia gemmatalisVelvetbean caterpillar
Chrysodeixis includensSoybean looper
Heliothis virescensTobacco budworm
Bt soybean in Brazil:Key Target Pests
Helicoverpa armigeraCry1Ac 20% Refuge
Intense selection pressure with Bt crops
High Risk of Resistance Evolution to Bt crops
• Intense selection pressure with different Bt crops
• Not a high-dose or pyramid event to major target pests
• Low refuge compliance
Bt crops Changes in pest population dynamics
Bt Corn
Spodoptera frugiperdaHelicoverpa spp.Stink bugs & other bugsAphidsWhiteflies
Bt Cotton
Spodoptera frugiperdaS. eridaniaS. cosmioidesHelicoverpa armigeraHeliothis virescensChrysodeixis includensStink bugs and other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites
Bt Soybean
Spodoptera frugiperdaS. eridaniaS. cosmioidesHelicoverpa armigeraHeliothis virescensChrysodeixis includensStink bugs & other bugsWhitefliesSpider mites
• Prefer high dose Bt crops expressing at least 2 proteins with different mode of action
• Promote implementation of structured refuges (ideally 50%) (and alternative hosts)
• Crop calendar (crop-free period) • Exploit biological control agents• Chemical control
Need to integrate Bt crops with other pest control tactics
Academia Industry
Farmers,Consultants
Major Challenge for enhancing crop yield in Brazil
Education, Research and Regulatory Issues
Thank you and Happy 150 year Anniversary to BASF!