challenges of urbanization 7.2 notes. melting pot mixture of people of different cultures and races...
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Nativism Favoritism toward native-born Americans Demand for immigration restrictions Immigration Restriction League – Prescott F. Hall –Identified desirable immigrants (British, German, Scandinavian) –Problems come from “wrong” immigrants (Slav, Latin, Asian) Objected to certain religious beliefs –Jewish immigrants vs. Protestant/Catholic founders of U.S. Literacy test passed by Congress, 1897 –Minimum of 40 words in English or native language –Vetoed by Pres. ClevelandTRANSCRIPT
Challenges of UrbanizationChallenges of Urbanization
7.2 Notes7.2 Notes
Melting PotMelting Pot Mixture of people of Mixture of people of
different cultures and different cultures and races who blended races who blended together by abandoning together by abandoning their native languages and their native languages and customscustoms
Did not want to give up Did not want to give up identitiesidentities
Increased immigration led Increased immigration led to anti-immigrant feelingsto anti-immigrant feelings
NativismNativism Favoritism toward native-born AmericansFavoritism toward native-born Americans Demand for immigration restrictionsDemand for immigration restrictions Immigration Restriction League – Prescott F. Immigration Restriction League – Prescott F.
Hall Hall – Identified desirable immigrants (British, German, Identified desirable immigrants (British, German,
Scandinavian)Scandinavian)– Problems come from “wrong” immigrants (Slav, Latin, Problems come from “wrong” immigrants (Slav, Latin,
Asian)Asian) Objected to certain religious beliefs Objected to certain religious beliefs
– Jewish immigrants vs. Protestant/Catholic founders of Jewish immigrants vs. Protestant/Catholic founders of U.S.U.S.
Literacy test passed by Congress, 1897Literacy test passed by Congress, 1897– Minimum of 40 words in English or native languageMinimum of 40 words in English or native language– Vetoed by Pres. ClevelandVetoed by Pres. Cleveland
Chinese Chinese Exclusion Exclusion Act - 1882Act - 1882
Laborers worried Chinese Laborers worried Chinese would accept lower wageswould accept lower wages
Depression of 1873 – jobs Depression of 1873 – jobs scarcescarce
Workingmen’s Party and Workingmen’s Party and Denis Kearney – headed Denis Kearney – headed anti-Chinese movement in anti-Chinese movement in CACA
Act banned all entry by Act banned all entry by Chinese for 10 yrsChinese for 10 yrs– Except students, Except students,
teachers, merchants, teachers, merchants, tourists, gov’t officialstourists, gov’t officials
– Extended indefinitely Extended indefinitely until repeal in 1943until repeal in 1943
Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907-1908Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907-1908
Anti-Chinese sentiment expandsAnti-Chinese sentiment expands 1906 – S.F. education board segregated 1906 – S.F. education board segregated
Japanese children in separate schoolsJapanese children in separate schools Japanese angered and protestedJapanese angered and protested Theodore Roosevelt worked agreementTheodore Roosevelt worked agreement
– Japan’s gov’t limits emigration of unskilled Japan’s gov’t limits emigration of unskilled workersworkers
– S.F. repealed segregation orderS.F. repealed segregation order
Immigrants Settle in CitiesImmigrants Settle in Cities Urbanization – growth of cities (Northeast Urbanization – growth of cities (Northeast
and Midwest)and Midwest)– Technology boom = more jobsTechnology boom = more jobs
Cities cheapest, convenientCities cheapest, convenient Mills and factories – attracted unskilled Mills and factories – attracted unskilled
workersworkers Better farm technology = less jobs on Better farm technology = less jobs on
farmsfarms Rural people moved to cities for jobsRural people moved to cities for jobs
Americanization MovementAmericanization Movement Assimilate people into American cultureAssimilate people into American culture School programs, volunteer associationsSchool programs, volunteer associations
– Teach skills needed for citizenshipTeach skills needed for citizenship– English literacy, American history, gov’tEnglish literacy, American history, gov’t– Cooking, social etiquetteCooking, social etiquette
Immigrants conflicted about losing cultureImmigrants conflicted about losing culture Fled to ethnic neighborhoodsFled to ethnic neighborhoods
Urban ProblemsUrban Problems HousingHousing
– Housing outside of town or Housing outside of town or rental rooms in boardinghouses rental rooms in boardinghouses at firstat first– Row housesRow houses– Tenements – multi-family dwellings, overcrowded and Tenements – multi-family dwellings, overcrowded and
unsanitaryunsanitary TransportationTransportation
– Mass transit – street cars in S.F., electric subwaysMass transit – street cars in S.F., electric subways– Lots of people on fixed routesLots of people on fixed routes– Linked cities togetherLinked cities together
WaterWater– Public waterworks built to distribute safe drinking Public waterworks built to distribute safe drinking
waterwater– No indoor plumbing, collected from street faucetsNo indoor plumbing, collected from street faucets– Disease spread through unsanitary waterDisease spread through unsanitary water
Cholera, typhoid feverCholera, typhoid fever
– filtration systems, chlorination developedfiltration systems, chlorination developed SanitationSanitation
– Horse manure in streetsHorse manure in streets– Sewage in open guttersSewage in open gutters– Factory smoke polluted airFactory smoke polluted air– No dependable trash collection – garbage dumped in No dependable trash collection – garbage dumped in
streetsstreets– Private trash collectors - scavengersPrivate trash collectors - scavengers
CrimeCrime– Pickpockets, thievesPickpockets, thieves– NY City first to have salaried police forceNY City first to have salaried police force
FireFire– Limited water supply – fires spreadLimited water supply – fires spread– Candles, kerosene lamps and heatersCandles, kerosene lamps and heaters– SF earthquake – 1906SF earthquake – 1906– Developed sprinklers, built with brick/stone Developed sprinklers, built with brick/stone
instead of woodinstead of wood