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Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id1
Challenges of Maritime Security Strategy in the
Indian Ocean: A Maritime Boundary Perspective
I Made Andi Arsana, Ph.D
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id2
Geospatial Context of the Indian Ocean
Java
MALAYSIA
SINGAPORE
Reunion
Saudi Arabia
Kerguelen
Tromelin
Mauritus
Seychelles
Tanzania
Kenya
Ethiopia Somalia
YemenEritrea
Pakistan
India
Maldives
Myanmar
Bangladesh
Thailand
Malaysia
Christmas I.
Oman
Australia
Cocos I.
Timor Leste
Indonesia
South China Sea
PNG
Brunei
AmsterdamIsland
Herd I.
Malaysia
South Africa
Sri Langka
BIOT/Chagos
Iran
Sudan
Siuth Sudan
Egypt
Comoros
Mayotte
India
Crozet Is.
Prince Edward Is.
Ind
ian
Oc
ea
n
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id3
This presentation was developed by
I Made Andi Arsana
For the Government of Somalia
and was presented before the Somali President,
Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament
Somalia
Kenya
Somalia
Kenya
Kenya
Tanzania
Maritime Claims by Kenya and Somalia
Arsana, 2013 Not to scale, for illustrative purposes only
Exclusive Economic Zone Continental Shelf
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id4
Indonesia
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id5
Indonesia’ Territory
Malaysia
Malaysia
Philippines
Palau
Australia
India
Thailand
Animation by I Made Andi Arsana (2013)
Singapore
Timor Leste
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id6
Malaysia
Malaysia
Philippines
Palau
Australia
India
Thailand
Animation by I Made Andi Arsana (2012)
Singapore
Timor Leste
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
3 miles of TS from each island’s coastline
Indonesia’ Territory
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id7
Djoeanda Declaration of 1957
Malaysia
Malaysia
Philippines
Palau
Australia
India
Thailand
Archipelagic waters
Singapore
Timor Leste
Natuna
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
I Made Andi Arsana | [email protected]
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id8
Indonesia’s archipelagic waters and territorial sea
Malaysia
Malaysia
Philippines
Palau
Australia
India
Thailand
Archipelagic waters
Singapore
Timor Leste
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
I Made Andi Arsana | [email protected]
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id9
This presentation was developed by
I Made Andi Arsana
For the Government of Somalia
and was presented before the Somali President,
Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament
Baselin
es
I Made Andi Arsana (2013)
Maritime Zone of Jurisdiction pursuant to UNCLOS
EEZ
Art. 76
200 MContinental
Shelf
Territorial Sea12 M
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id10
Indonesia Now! – UNCLOS 1982
Malaysia
Malaysia
Philippines
Palau
Australia
India
Thailand
EEZ
EEZ
EEZ
EEZ
Archipelagic waters
Singapore
Timor Leste
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
I Made Andi Arsana | [email protected]
Archipelagic Baselines
Unilateral Limits (no agreement with neighbours required)Agreed bilateral boundariesIndonesia’s unilateral claims (agreement with neighbours required)
Indonesia’s maritime area is significantly larger!
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id11
Malaysia
India
Thailand
Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia and India in the Indian Ocean
Indonesia’s ECS
Different lines for EEZ and CS
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id12
EEZ Delimitation in Malacca Strait – Unilateral Claims
Malaysia
k
Indonesia
I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2011
Malaysia’s proposal
of EEZ Boundary
Seabed boundary
(signed in 1969)
Equidistance
Indonesia’s
proposal of EEZ
Boundary
Practicality reason
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
You are the one
entering our waters!
You are entering our
waters!
For illustrative purposes only
The visualisation does not reflect the real geospatial setting of Indonesia and Malaysia
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id13
Maritime Boundaries between Indonesia and Australia
Australia
k
Indonesia
I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2011
Batas dasar laut
(ditandatangani tahun 1970an)
Why do you want to take this off? What you are doing is a crime and unethical I Made Andi Arsana (c) 2013
Au
str
alia
Ind
on
es
ia
“… organisms which, at the
harvestable stage, either are
immobile on or under the seabed
or are unable to move except in
constant physical contact with
the seabed or subsoil”
(LOSC, Art. 77 (4))
For illustrative purposes only. The visualisation does not reflect the real
geospatial setting of Indonesia and Australia
Batas ZEE (air)
(ditandatangani tahun 1997)
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id14
Concluding Remarks
1. Pending Maritime Boundaries are threat to maritime
Security
2. Opportunities and Challenges:
Opportunities
Experiences
Government’s Commitment
People’s supports and pushes
Challenges
Difference in perception and urgency
Sensitivity of issues
The approach of “Nothing agreed until everything is
agreed” that may slow down the process
Dept. of Geodetic Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaI Made Andi Arsana
http://madeandi.staff.ugm.ac.id15
Thank You
Terima Kasih