challenges in mass market application of wireless power
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Challenges in Mass Market Application of Wireless Power Transfer
Menno Treffers - July 2017
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Wireless Power: A large market
• Phones:
– 1000 million in 2020
– 2000 million in 2025
• Chargers:
– 500 million in 2021
July 2017
Source IHS: https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/blog/273/wireless-power-market-surges-as-usage-leaps-forward
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Qi in all wireless charging phones
• All phones with integrated wireless charging support Qi
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All home chargers support Qi
July 2017
• Current market size: 60-80 M units/year
• Potential market > 500M units/year
• 400+ charger products available today
• All home chargers are Qi compatible
Source other data: The Wireless Power Consortium
Source current market size and potential market: IHS https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/blog/273/wireless-power-market-surges-as-usage-leaps-forward 4
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All in-car chargers support Qi
Adopted by nearly all global auto manufacturers
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Competition, Cooperation, Intellectual Property, and Network Effects
Power for a Wireless World
July 2017
What did we learn?
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Wireless power is easy
• Power level
– A kilowatt? It is possible
• Transfer distance
– A kilometer? It is possible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O44WM1Q9H8
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Wireless power is easy
• Power level
– A kilowatt? It is possible
• Transfer distance
– A kilometer? It is possible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O44WM1Q9H8
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Making a competitive product is hard
Engineering a prototype into a mass market product
is incredibly hard
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What makes it hard?
• Safety
• Efficiency
• Interference with other electronics
• Cost
• Compatibility
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Safety - EMF
• EMF regulations limit the exposure of human body to electro-magnetic fields
• Tradeoff: tightly coupled configurations have lower emissions
Transmitter coil
Receiver coil
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Safety – high temperatures
• Wireless chargers must not make phones, coins, or banking cards hot
– Even at 5W the temperature of a coin can easily increase above melting point of plastics
• Products must be tested to verify that they are safe
• The Qi logo is licensed only for products that have passed testing by one of our independent test labs
Example of a product that failed one of the Qi tests on “Foreign Object Detection”.
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Efficiency
• High efficiency improves safety– Less heat
– Lower EM emissions
• Responsible use of energy needed– Better than 70% for 5 W receivers
– Better than 90% for 1 kW receivers
• Tradeoffs– Cost - A wireless charger can be as
efficient as a wired charger(1)
– Transfer distance – tightly coupled configurations are more efficient
(1) https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/why-not-a-wire-the-case-for-wireless-power.html
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Measuring Efficiency
• Misleading numbers:– Coil to coil efficiency (ignoring losses in
DC to RF and RF to DC conversion)– RF to DC efficiency within the receiver
(ignoring losses in Tx and during transfer)
• Efficiency should be measured – DC out / DC in– With a realistic load– Averaged over the complete charging
surface
• A simple check: look at the rating of the power supply of the Tx
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Interference with other electronics
• In-vehicle is one of the toughest environments– Preventing interference with
contactless car keys and vehicle electronics
• RFID/NFC cards must not be damaged
• Tradeoffs– Lower frequency is easier
– Fixed frequency is easier
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Cost
• Mass market products need low-cost solutions
• Increasing volume reduces the cost of components
– Positive feedback cycle
• BoM of Qi charger is now less than US$10. Qi receiver less than US$2.
July 2017 16
Example of a correlation between cost and mass market adoption
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Compatibility
• What is the value of a charger that cannot charge your mobile phone?
• What is the point of adding wireless charging to a phone if you cannot charge in your car or at home?
July 2017
???
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The network effect forces standardization
The benefit of wireless charging increases with the number of compatible chargers and phones
When the installed base increases beyond 100 M units:
– Selling incompatible chargers becomes difficult
– Selling incompatible phones becomes difficult
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Competition, Cooperation, Intellectual Property, and Network Effects
Power for a Wireless World
July 2017
Conclusion
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Mass market products must be:
• Safe
• Efficient
• Non-interfering
• Low cost
• Compatible
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The start of a mass market
July 2017 22
Sources:Qi: https://technology.ihs.com/584705/wireless-power-market-trackerGSM: http://www.gsma.com/aboutus/historyWi-Fi: http://www.scribd.com/doc/173132403/13-10-03-Innovatio-v-Mult-
Def-WiFi-Patents-FRAND-Determination#page=78CD-R disc: TSR – http://www.t-s-r.co.jp/e/Bluetooth: https://www.bluetooth.com/about-us/our-history