ch7 alteredstates reg. psych
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Chp. 7 Reg. Psychology Altered StatesTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Seven: Altered States of Consciousness
I. Sleep and Dreams
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Sleep
An altered state of consciousness, characterized
by specific patterns of brain activity and inactivity
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Consciousness
A state of awareness
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EEG
Electroencephalograph
A device that records the electrical activity of the brain
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Sleep and Dreams
Sleep and Consciousness Why Do We Sleep?
Stages of Sleep How Much Sleep Sleep Disorders
Dreams
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Characteristics of Sleep
Unresponsiveness to the environment
Limited physical mobility
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Purpose of Sleep
Restorative; recovery from exhaustion/stress
Primitive hibernation; conservation of energy
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Purpose of Sleep
Adaptive behavior; evolution of night time safety strategy
Defragmentation of disks
Dream
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Physical Characteristics of Sleep
Lowered body temperature Lowered pulse rate
Lowered rate of respiration Brief alpha wave period
Body twitching, eye rolling, brief visual imagery
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Stages of Sleep
Early Stages Stage I
Stage II Stage III
Later Stages Stage IV
REM Sleep
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Early Stages of Sleep: Stage I
Lightest level of sleep Slow pulse/ muscles relaxed
Irregular brain waves Up to 10 minutes along
Theta waves Shifting waves move to Stage II
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Early Stages of Sleep: Stage II
Shifting waves Eye rolling
Up to 30 minutes Deeper drift into Stage III
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Early Stages of Sleep: Stage III
Large amplitude delta waves One wave per second
Move to Stage IV
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Later Stages of Sleep: Stage IV
Deepest level of sleep Large delta waves
50% of the time Sleepwalking; sleep talking;
bedwetting Descent into REM sleep
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Later Stages of Sleep: REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement Muscle relaxation
Irregular pulse rate and breathing patterns
Increased levels of adrenaline and sexual hormones
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Later Stages of Sleep: REM Sleep
Slow waves (similar to waking waves)
15 minutes (early) to 45 minutes (late)
90 minute cycles Stage IV Decreases
REM increases
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How Much Sleep?
1/3 of your life is spent in sleep
Newborns: 16 hours (1/2 REM)
HS Students: 10-11 hours College students: (8 hours)
Elderly: 5 hours
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How Much Sleep?
25 % REM
75% NREM
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Circadian Rhythm
Internal biological clock Regulates your sleep/wake
cycle 24-25 hours long
Operates even without daytime/nighttime cues
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Circadian Rhythm
Need for sleep is dictated by the environment and the 24 hour day
Lack of sleep interrupts your circadian rhythm
Jet lag: one day recovery for each hour of time change
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Sleep Disorders
Insomnia Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy Nightmares/Night Terrors
Sleepwalking/talking
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Insomnia
A prolonged and abnormal inability to sleep
Can be caused by stress, depression, anxiety, overuse
of alcohol or drugs
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Sleep Apnea
Frequent interruption of breathing during sleep
Symptoms include 10-15 minute snoring episodes; breathing actually stops
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Sleep Apnea
1 out of every 100 Americans have the disorder
More common among older people
Causes include enlarged tonsils; infection; obesity
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Narcolepsy
Permanent sleepiness and fatigue
Unusual sleep/dream patterns
Sleep attacks with brief REM periods
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Nightmares/Night Terrors
Nightmares occur during the dream phases of REM sleep
Night terrors occur during Stage IV sleep (usually during the first or
second episode of Stage IV)
Terrors last from 5-20 minutes; subjects usually have no memory of
them
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Sleepwalking/Sleep Talking
Sleepwalkers are partially but not completely awake.
Disorder usually associated with children
May be inherited
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Sleepwalking/Sleep Talking
Not a psychological disorder
Linked to stress, fatigue, and sedative use
Usually outgrown
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Sleepwalking/Sleep Talking
Occurs in both REM and NREM
Many people do it, but don’t remember it
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Dreams
The mental activity that takes place during sleep
Dreams become longer and more complex as the sleep
cycle advances
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Dreams
People generally remember the last dream (of many) they have
during a sleep cycle
Sleep deprivation increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep, and therefore the time
dreaming
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Dreams
We remember interesting dreams more than dull ones
Most dreams involve everyday subjects
Negative dreams are nightmares
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Dreams
Negative dreams are nightmares
The emotional quality associated with nightmares probably results from increased brain activity in
the limbic system
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Dream Interpretation
Ancient peoples interpreted dreams as long ago as 5000
years
Freud believed that dreams contain thoughts the
consciousness refuses to acknowledge
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Dream Interpretation
Inuit peoples believe dreams have hidden meaning
Dreamers enter a spiritual realm and interact with the dead
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Dream Interpretation
Kleitman: dreams may serve no purpose at all
Dreams may be the result of random brain cell stimulation
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Dream Interpretation
Dreams facilitate problem solving
Dreams clean out the memory closet
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Chapter Seven: Altered States of Consciousness
II. Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and
Meditation
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Hypnosis
Yet another form of altered consciousness in which
attention is very narrowly focused and people become
extremely suggestible
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Hypnosis
Allows shifts in the perception of your
consciousness
Hypnosis induces a trance state, which is much different from sleep
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Hypnosis
Unlike sleep, people under hypnosis are much more
open and receptive to internal and external stimuli
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Theories of Hypnosis
Barber: Hypnosis is just the result of suggestibility
Hilgard: neodissociation theory; the ‘hidden observer’
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Theories of Hypnosis
Green: degree of suggestibility is critical to the
success of hypnosis
Smith & Coe: subjects play the role of hypnotized
subjects
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Uses of Hypnosis
Entertainment
Medicine
Therapy
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Post-hypnotic Suggestion
A suggestion made to a hypnotized subject to
perform a particular behavior; or to repress a
specific piece of knowledge; once he is no longer in a
hypnotic trance
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Medical/Theraputic Uses
Pain reduction
Reveal problems
Gain insight
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Biofeedback
A technique used to control ones internal physiological
processes
Requires a biofeedback machine
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Biofeedback
Brain waves (EEG) Heart rate
Blood pressure Skin temperature (GSR)
Sweat gland activity
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Meditation
A heightened state of relaxation
Practiced for thousands of years
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Three Major Approaches
to Meditation Transcendental meditation
Mindfulness meditation
Breath meditation
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Transcendental Meditation
Mantra
Sanskrit
15-20 minutes twice a day
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Mindfulness Meditation
Buddhist origin
Focusing and visualizing each body part, one at a
time
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Breath Meditation
Focus on the process of breathing -- inhaling and
exhaling
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Benefits of Meditation
Lowers blood pressure Lowers heart rate
Lowers respiration rate
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Chapter Seven: Altered States of Consciousness
III.Drugs and Consciousness
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How Drugs Work
Absorbed through the capillaries
Carried to tissue throughout the body
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Marijuana
THC -- tetrahydrocannabinol
Cannabis sativa/ Indian hemp
Hashish
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Marijuana
Enhanced sensory experience
Heightened emotion
Psychological addiction
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Marijuana
Enhanced sensory experience
Heightened emotion
Psychological addiction
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Hallucinations
Perception that have no direct external cause
Hallucinations are sensory, involving misapprehensions of sight, hearing, touch taste and
feeling
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Causes of Hallucinations
Hypnosis Meditation
Drugs Drug withdrawal
Psychological breakdown
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Causes of Hallucinations
Dream states
Sleep deprivation
Heightened emotional states
Fatigue
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Similarity of experience
Seigel (1977) Native American peyote rituals
Simultaneous disorganization and arousal of the CNS
Similar hallucinations across cultures
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Hallucinogens
Also called psychedelics
Produce a loss of contact with reality
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LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Synthetic substance
Usage is referred to as a ‘trip’
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LSD
Effects last anywhere from 6-14 hours
Delivery method is usuage dissolution onto a paper strip (called a tab) or on a
sugar cube
Perceptual hallucinations are common
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Effects of LSD
Impaired thinking
Panic attacks
Flashbacks
Possibility of chromosomal damage
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Opiates
Narcotics
Opium
Morphine
Heroin
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Effects of Opiates
Analgesia (pain reduction)
Euphoria (pleasurable state somewhere between waking and
sleeping)
Constipation
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Dangers of Opiates
Physically addictive
Overdosing causes breathing to stop resulting in death from
respiratory failure
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Alcohol
Most widely used (and abused) mind-altering substance in
America
Legal in every state by age 21
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Alcohol
Loosens inhibitions
Inhibits normal brain functioning
Lessens self-control
Impairs judgment and physical reaction
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Effects of Alcohol
Determined by the amount consumed and the body weight of the drinker
Slurred speech
Blurred vision
Faulty memory
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Effects of Alcohol Abuse
Brain damage
Liver damage
Change in personality
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Perceptions of Alcohol
Physical effects
Social effects
Aggression Sexual arousal
Less anxiety
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Reasons for Drug Use
Boredom Peer influence
Self-confidence Escape problems
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Risks of Drug Use
Death Injury
Overdose Accident
Health risks Legal issues
Destructive behavior
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Treatment of Drug Use
The drug abuser must admit that he has a problem
The drug abuser must enter a treatment program or get
therapy
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Treatment of Drug Use
The drug abuser must remain drug free
Support groups help prevent relapse