ch2 minerals

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Chapter 2 Minerals

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Page 1: Ch2 Minerals

Chapter 2

Minerals

Page 2: Ch2 Minerals

What is Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

OR: you could sayanything that has weight and

takes up space.

Page 3: Ch2 Minerals

Matter

Mass: is the amount of

material is a substance or object.

Volume: is the amount of

space taken up by a substance or object.

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Matter

Weight: is the force of gravity on an object or substance.

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Elements and Atoms

Elements are: substances that

cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

EX: nitrogen, gold, iron, and etc.

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Each Element has a

Symbol each symbol is based on the Greek

or Latin alphabet. WHY? EX: gold - Au, oxygen - O, helium -

He, Potassium - K, hydrogen - H

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John Dalton

Atomic Theory He believed that each element was

made of tiny particles called atoms.

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Atoms are made of:

protonsneutronselectrons

+0 or no charge

-

Page 9: Ch2 Minerals

Parts of an Atom

Each electron is in an orbital or shell. Each orbital can contain only a certain number of electrons.

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nucleus

Orbital or shell

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Parts of an Atom

99.9% of an atom is the nucleus

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Most atoms

tend to have a neutral charge. This usually means that they have the same number of protons and electrons

(6) protons - (6) electrons = neutral charge

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Atomic Number

the number of protons in an atom

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Mass Number

Gives the average number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Atomic # - mass # = # of neutrons

Page 15: Ch2 Minerals

Isotopes

are atoms of the same chemical element that have different mass numbers ( different number of neutrons).

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Compound

2 or more elements chemically combined.

The smallest part of a compound is a molecule

H20 is the formula for 1 molecule of water.

Page 18: Ch2 Minerals

Compounds

H2SO4 is the formula for 1 molecule of sulfuric acid.

CO2

HClNaCl

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What is a Mineral?

1. Occur naturally2. Is a solid3. Has a definite chemical

composition4. Has its atoms arranged in an

orderly pattern5. Is inorganic

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Minerals

May be elements or compounds

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Most common elements in the crust are……...

1. Oxygen2. Silicon3. Aluminum4. Iron5. Calcium6. Sodium

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Bonding

Most minerals are composed of 2 or more elements or bonded together.

Ion - is a charged atom. 1 more electron then total of protons

gives a negative charge to the atom.

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Types of Bonding

Ionic bonding - forms when electrons are gained or lost

metals - make good positive ions ( loose electrons)

non-metals - make good negative ions (gain electrons)

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Types of Bonding

Covalent bonding - forms when electrons are shared

oxygen and silicon share electrons

Metallic bonding – forms when electrons are shared by metal ions

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Noble Gases

These gases do not share electrons readily. Therefore they generally do not form bonds.

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How minerals form

1. Volcanism - magma heating and cooling.

2. Precipitation - when water evaporates some of the dissolved substances in the water crystallize.

3. Pressure and Temperature – form when existing minerals are subjected to changes in pressure and temperature. The atoms rearrange.

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4. Hydrothermal Solutions – Chemical reactions take place when warm hydrothermal solutions come in contact with existing minerals. Also, when these solutions cool they can crystallize into new minerals.

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Mineral Groups

These groups are classified in groups according to their composition.

Silicates – Silicon and oxygen form a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. – 90% of all the minerals in the crust

are:

silicates

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Carbonates – are minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one other metallic element.

Oxides – are minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals.

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Sulfates and Sulfides – minerals that contain the element sulfur.

Halides – minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements.

Native Elements – a group of minerals that exist in relatively pure form. Gold, silver, copper, sulfur, graphite

Page 33: Ch2 Minerals

Crystals

Crystals are solids with a regular geometric shape. Each side is called a face.

Crystal size depends on how slowly or quickly they form. Slower cooling produces larger crystals.

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Crystals

The crystalline structure of a mineral is dependent upon the bonding of the various atoms and ions.

Bonds determine crystal shape or better the molecular shape.

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Crystalline Shapes

CUBIC ORTHORHOMBIC

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Cubic

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Halite

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Graphite vs. Diamond

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Graphite

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Crustal Minerals

90% of all the minerals in the crust are:

silicates These form silica tetrahedron