Ch 9, Sec 1, Part BThe Origins of Progressivism

1. During the latter 1800s, government in large American cities were known for what?

• Showering favors, jobs, money, and so forth, on political allies

2. Why did city officials do such things?• In order to gain the loyalties and votes of their

constituencies

3. Why did Progressives wish to reform local governments?• To make government more efficient and responsive to

the needs of all its citizens, not just those who were allies of the folks in power

4. What were some reforms put in place by Progressive city mayors in the late 1800s and early 1900s?• Fairer taxation, affordable public transportation, work

relief for the unemployed, school and park construction.

5. Regarding utilities companies, what became more common in the early Progressive period?• More cities began taking over waterworks,

gasworks, transit lines, etc

6. Government reform efforts also extended upwards to what level?• The State level

7. Progressives at the State level passed laws to regulate what?• Railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies,

and other large businesses.

8. Who was the famous Progressive Wisconsin Governor-turned-Senator of the Republican Party?• Robert M. LaFollette

9. What industry did LaFolette particularly want to regulate?• Railroads

10. What did the 1916 Keating-Owen Act do?• Outlawed the interstate transportation of

goods produced with child labor

11. Two years later, what did the U.S. Supreme Court do to the Keating-Owen Act?• Declared it to be unconstitutional

12. But, at the state level, what did the Progressives achieve regarding child labor?• Many outlawed it

13. In the early 1900s, more and more states enacted what limit on work hours?• A ten hour workday

14. Regarding workers who were injured or killed on the job, what Progressive laws did states pass?• Laws requiring workers’ compensation (money)

to injured or laborers or the families of those who were killed

15. Regarding elections and the passage of laws, what were three Progressive reforms adopted by some states?• Initiative• Referendum• Recall

16. What is initiative?• A bill (proposed law) brought forth by people

rather than elected representatives

17. What is referendum?• The acceptance or rejection of a proposed law

in which the voters, instead of the state legislature, decide the issue.

18. What is recall?• An effort in which voters remove (or attempt

to remove) elected officials via another election.

19. By 1920, how many States had one or more of initiative, referendum, and/or recall?• 20

20. What is Direct Primary?• It is a process in which regular voters participate in

the process of selecting candidates in either the Democratic or Republican Party.

21. Is the Direct Primary widely used today by the Republicans and Democrats?• Yes…and in fact, Alabama Republicans and Alabama

Democrats will have a direct Primary on March 13, 2012.

22. The Direct Primary reduces the power of whom?• Party bosses (whether Democrat or Republican)

23. By 1915, what portion of the States had adopted some sort of statewide primary system?• About two-thirds

24. What did the Seventeenth Amendment (ratified in 1913) to the U.S. Constitution do?• Required that U.S. Senators be chosen by popular

vote instead of by State legislatures

25. In many ways, Progressive reforms of government sought to make government more what?• Democratic, in the sense that government might

be more responsive to the people