ch 6 brain body reg. psych2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Six
Body and Brain
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The Nervous System
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Nervous System Hierarchy
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Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
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Central Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
– Enteric Nervous System
Somatic & Autonomic Nervous Systems
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Somatic Nervous System
Motor nervesSensory nervesVoluntary functions
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Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous SystemParasympathetic Nervous System
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The Nervous System
NeuronsElectrochemical impulses“Firing”Synapse10-12 billionRange from microscopic to 3 feet
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Three Kinds of Neurons
Receptor (afferent) (sensory)Interneurons (associative)Effector (efferent) (motor)
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Cell Structure
NucleusCytoplasmCell Membrane
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Neuron Structure
Dendrites (receptors)Cell BodyAxonAxon terminals (terminal buttons)NeurotransmitterSynapse
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Neuron
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Neurotransmitters
AcetylcholineNorepinephrineSeratoninDopamine (L-Dopa)Effect of amphetamines
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Divisions of the Brain
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Divisions of the Brain
Subcortex (old brain)Neocortex (new brain)
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Subcortex
CerebellumPonsMedullaReticular formation(continued on next slide)
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Subcortex
DiencephalonThalamusHypothalamus
Limbic systemBasal nuclei (basal ganglia)
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Neocortex
Cerebral cortexCerebrum
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Neural Cortex
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Lobes of the Brain
Frontal lobesOccipital lobesParietal lobesTemporal lobes
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Lobes of the Brain
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Hemispheres of the Brain
Right hemisphereLeft hemisphereCorpus callosum
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Hemispheres
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Left Hemisphere of the Brain
Language abilityAnalytical thinkingManages right side of body
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Right Hemisphere of the Brain
Spatial thinkingIntuitive thinkingEmotional, artistic, creative functionsManages left side of body
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Corpus Callosum
Split brainSperry studiesTachistoscopeVisual fields
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Visual Pathways
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Which way do the eyes move?The direction of your eyes indicates which side
of the brain you are using to answer a question.Make up a sentence using the words code and
mathematicsPicture the last wreck you saw. Which direction
were the cars moving?What does the proverb “easy come, easy go” meanPicture the last time you cried
1& 3 verbal non-emotional (look right)2&4 spatial-emotional (look left)
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Emergency Repair Service
PlasticityRedundancy
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Recording
EEG (electroencephalograph)PET scan
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EEG
ElectroencephalographBrain wave patternsSeizure disorderHubelBrain death
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Pet Scan
Positron emission tomographyGlucoseBrain tumorsSeizure disorders
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Brain mapping
Wilder PenfieldProbe the Brain!Seizure disorderJames OldsPleasure center
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Biochemical studies
Tube implantationManipulate drive states
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Limiting Damage from Strokes
MagnesiumAnti-glutamateInsulinLowered Body Temperature
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Lesioning
Sever nerve areasIntentional destruction of brain
tissueDestruction of brain tissue as a
result of disease or accidentKarl Lashley
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Lobotomy
Disconnection of frontal lobesPrefrontal lobotomyDr. Egaz MonizNobel prize
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Lobotomy
Tranquilizers50 procedures a dayApproximately 50,000Inability to enact future planningInability to perform complex tasks
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Exocrine System
Duct glandsSweat glandTear glandsSalivary glands
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Endocrine System
Ductless glands Release hormones ’activator’ “I excite” 30 different kinds
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Endocrine System
Ductless glands Thyroid Pituitary Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) Adrenal glandsTestes/ovaries
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Thyroid Gland
regulate metabolism
thyroxin
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Overactive Thyroid
produces too much thyroxin symptoms
?
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Thyroid Gland
Enlarged thyroid
Goiter
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Underactive Thyroid
produces too little thyroxin symptoms
?
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Thyroid Gland
Cretinism
Underactive thyroid in infancy
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Pituitary Gland
Located in the center of the brain
Controlled by hypothalamus
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Pituitary Gland
Located in the center of the brain
HGH
Human Growth Hormone
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Dwarfism
Too little HGH
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Giantism
Too much HGH
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Pituitary Gland
Master gland
Controlled by the hypothalamus
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Islets of Langerhans
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Islets of Langerhans
Part of the pancreas
Insulin
Diabetes
Cataracts and/or arteriosclerosis
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Adrenal Glands
On top of kidneys
Receive signals from Sympathetic Nervous System
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Adrenal Glands
Kidneys
Adrenaline
Steroids
Cortisone
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Adrenal Glands
Too little Slow blood circulation Sexual development lessens Weakness Death
Too much Increased sexual development Masculine characteristics in females
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Reproductive Glands
Testes produce sperm cells Testosterone Male sex characteristics Stimulates skeletal
growth Muscle mass Larger internal organs
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Reproductive Glands
Ovaries produce egg cells Estrogen Progesterone Elasticity of the uterus Menstruation Menopause
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The Evolution of Behavior
Darwin’s Theory
Compare anatomy, physiology, and behavior between species
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Ethology
Defined:
Extensions of Darwinian theory
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Sociobiology
Biological bases of behavior
Behavior genetic
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Edward O Wilson
Sociobiology
Zoologist
Sociobiology: A New Synthesis
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Altruism
Unselfish interest in or care the the welfare of others
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Altruistic behavior
Survival of the fittest
Genes, not individuals
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Galton and Watson
Sir Francis Galton
Hereditary Genius (1869)
Secondary research
Intelligence is inherited
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Galton and Watson
Dr John B Watson
Environment determines intelligence
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Nature vs Nurture Controversy
Cognitive abilities
Mental illness
Personality
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Twin Studies
Monozygotic
Dizygotic
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Schizophrenia (inheritability of mental illness
Most common
chance of occurrence in general population?
Twin ___ times more likely to develop schizophrenia is twin 1 has it
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PKU
Phenylketonuria
Genetic defect
Severe mental retardation