ch. 5 rome world history. italy- 750 miles, n s average of 120 miles e w apennine mnts. –...
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Italy- 750 miles, N S Average of 120 miles E W Apennine Mnts. – –range splits Italy down the middle 3 major river plains –The Po River valley -in the north –The Plain of Latium -where Rome is located –Campania – South of Latium 750 miles, N S Average of 120 miles E W Apennine Mnts. – –range splits Italy down the middle 3 major river plains –The Po River valley -in the north –The Plain of Latium -where Rome is located –Campania – South of LatiumTRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 5 Rome
World History
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Italy-• 750 miles, NS• Average of 120
miles EW• Apennine Mnts. –
– range splits Italy down the middle
• 3 major river plains– The Po River valley
• -in the north– The Plain of Latium
• -where Rome is located
– Campania• – South of Latium
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Rome’s Geography• Built in-land• Protection from pirates and on
Tiber river• Farm land=large population• 7 Hills of Rome• Apennines- don’t divide people• Alps rugged, but have passes• Peninsula
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Early People• Latins• Greeks pass on alphabet• Etruscans
– Drain marshes– Founded city of Rome– Have Kings
• Romans overthrow Etruscans
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The People of Italy
• people first entered Italy (1500-1000BC)
• Latins– located in Latium– they were herders
and farmers – lived in settlements
on the tops of Rome’s Hills
• After 800BC: • two new groups
settled in Italy– Greeks and Etruscans
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Roman Republic• Some citizens can vote
• Why were the Romans so successful? P.148
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What made Rome a success?
• Good diplomats- citizens and allies
• Persistent, skilled army and strategists
• Developed political institutions as they went along rather than a having a “master plan”
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Patricians• Wealthy land owners • Small % of population
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Plebians• Less wealthy landowners,
farmers, artisans, and merchants
• Both groups pay taxes, vote and serve in military
* Only Patricians can hold office
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2 Consuls-Elected yearly-Lead Republic-Lead into battle
Praetor-Civil Matters
300 Senators-Advise rulers-Force of Law-Patricians electedfor life
Assemblies-Dominated by rich patricians-Centuriate Assembly *Most Important •Passed Laws •Elected Officials-Council of Plebs
The Early Roman RepublicLegislative Branch
ExecutiveBranch
Tribunes protect Plebeians
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Roman Law• 12 Tables- worked for small
society (FIRST)• Law of Nations (LATER)
developed for new conquered areas– Used natural law and reason– Standards of justice- innocent until
proven guilty, defending yourself, weighing evidence
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Causes of the 1st Punic War
1.)Carthage becomes a commercial power2.)Both were aggressive3.)Both were expansionistic4.)Carthage feared take over of Sicily5.)Rome feared Carthage would close the
Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina
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Results of the 1st Punic War
1.) Carthage asks for peace
2.) Had to pay an indemnity (money for damages caused)
3.) Carthage must give up control of Sicily
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Causes of the 2nd Punic War
1.)Hannibal (from Carthage) uses infantry, cavalry and war elephants to cross the Alps and invade Italy
• Hannibal fights in southern Italy• Roman allies remain loyal• Romans invade Africa and threaten Carthage• Roman General Scipio defeats Hannibal in
Battle of Zama
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Results of 2nd Punic War
1.) Carthage Asks for Peace and Pays Indemnity
2.) Carthage loses Spanish Colonies3.) Carthage loses power- Rome most
powerful in Western Mediterranean4.) Macedonia who had allied itself with
Carthage is now on Rome’s “bad side”
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Causes of 3rd Punic War
1.) Romans hate Carthaginians even though they are no longer a threat
2.) Senate Votes to Destroy Carthage
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Results of 3rd Punic War
Carthage is destroyed!
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Growing Power of the Senate
• Aristocrats gain more and more land and use slave labor
• Small farmers are driven out
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Reformers• Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
– Want land reform and to give land back to farmers
– Both brothers are killed- starts cycle of violence
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Military Changes• Marius- General- recruits his
volunteer army- are loyal to him
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla- does the same and marches his troops on Rome= Civil War
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The 1st Triumvirate• Rule of 3- Crassus, Pompey, &
Julius Caesar• Caesar eventually takes
control as a dictator
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Julius Caesar • Land to the poor• Enlarged Senate• Citizenship to his allies• Fearing continued rule as a
dictatorship Caesar is assassinated
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The 2nd Triumvirate• Octavian, Marc Antony, and
Lepidus• Octavian and Antony split
empire• Antony takes east Octavian
takes West• Octavian wins civil war=
signals end of republic
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Age of Augustus• Octavian given title of
Augustus “the revered one” & “imperator” ( 1st emperor) – Army made up of legions,
auxiliary, & the Praetorian Guard to guard the emperor
– Sets up a system to chose a successor through family lines
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Early Empire• Emperors are corrupt and
power hungry – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and
Nero
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The “Good Emperors”• Rule during the 200 yr. Pax
Romana- period of peace and prosperity– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
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Problems With Roman Expansion
• Government– Greedy nobles– Corruption– No extension of citizenship
• Agriculture– Latifundia w/ slaves(plantations)– Small farmers squeezed out
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Class Changes• Equites- business and land owners- get
wealth and power from trading, public works contracts, war looting• New slaves from conquered territories are
treated poorly• Slave Revolts- Spartacus leads revolt of
70,000 slaves