ch 5 membrane structure & function structure traffic across –passive transport diffusion...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch 5 Membrane Structure & Function• Structure
• Traffic across– Passive
transport• Diffusion• Osmosis• Facilitated
diffusion– Active transport– Endo &
exocytosis
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Functions of Membrane Proteins• Transport• Enzyme activity• Signal
transduction• Intercellular
joining• Cell to cell
recognition• Attachment to
cytoskeleton
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Structure of Membrane• Phospholipids &
proteins• Fluid mosaic
model• Factors that affect
fluidity:– Fatty acid type– Temp
• Types of proteins– Integral– Peripheral
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Traffic Across Mem• Selective permeability
(ease & rate) depend on 2 things:1. discriminating barrier of lipid bilayer– Impermeable to larger
polar & ions– Perm to nonpolar – How about water?
2. Transport proteins
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Remember diffusion…
Traffic Across Membrane
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Osmosis• Why important?• Relative terms
used to compare concentration of inside vs outside of cells– Hypertonic – Hypotonic– Isotonic
• Water always moves toward hypertonic
• Solutes move from high to low concentration.
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Animal cells in hypotonic & hypertonic solutions
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Cells in a hypotonic solution gain water & swell; possibly burst if no cell wall.
Cells in a hypertonic solution lose water & shrink.
Cells in an isotonic solution have no net gain or loss of water.
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Osmoregulation – control of water balance• Ex of how orgs
stabilize water loss & uptake:– Freshwater
paramecium
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OsmosisEx of how orgs stabilize water loss & uptake:
Marine org - shark
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Passive transport
• Diffusion across a membrane• Requires no energy b/c molecules moving
down concentration gradient (H to L)• 3 types
– Diffusion– Osmosis– Facilitated diffusion
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion of solutes across membrane w/ help of proteins– Large polar or
ions– proteins
• Specific • Can be sat• Can be
inhibited– Protein
transports solute by• Changing
shape• Selective
channels
Cystic Fibrosis
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Cystic FibrosisCause: Humans have a gene encoded in their DNA which
manufactures a special protein known as CFTR, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. This protein controls the flow of chloride ions across the cell membrane.
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Active TransportThe pumping of solutes against their gradient (L to H)
• Nonspontaneous
• Requires energy (usually ATP)
• Maintains steep ionic gradients (potential energy)
• Ex: Na/K pump
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Active transport
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Active transport
Ion pumps – pump ions across membrane– generate voltage across mem– Electrochemical gradient – combo of concentration
gradient & electrical gradient– Na/K pump is ex
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Endocytosis & Exocytosis• Methods for very large molecules &
particles to get into & out of the cell• Requires energy b/c requires movement
of the plasma membrane.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio02.swfAnimation, baby!
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Endocytosis & ExocytosisExocytosis Endocytosis
Definition Exporting macromolecules by fusion of vesicles to pm
Importing of macromolecules by forming vesicles with pm
Vesicles come from
Budded from ER or Golgi
Pm & sinks inward & pinches off into cytoplasm
Used to Secrete products - insulin
Incorporate extracellular large substances
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Endocytosis
3 types:• Phagocytosis – cell “eating” solid particles
(uses pseudopodia)• Pinocytosis – cell “drinking” fluid droplets• Receptor mediated endocytosis –
importing specific macromolecules
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Since cells can’t continue to grow larger, they must split, or divide at
some point.
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Cell Cycle2 parts:• Interphase – period of growth & DNA synthesis
(copying)
• Mitotic phase – period of cell division (1 cell divides into 2 cells)I love
cells, baby!
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Interphase – time of cell growth & copying of DNA
3 phases of interphase:
• G1 – growing & ribosomes making proteins
• S – synthesis (or copying) of DNA (sister chromatids formed)
• G2 – growing & getting ready to divide
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Cells spend most of their time in interphase.
DNA is in chromatin (stringy) form.
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Mitotic Phase – time of cell division Consists of 2 main phases:1. Mitosis – division of nucleus2. Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm
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Sister Chromatids• Identical copies of chromosomes attached
by a centromere.
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Mitosis
4 phases:• Prophase • Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
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Prophase
• DNA condenses into chromosomes
• Nuclear membrane disappears
• Centrioles move toward poles
• Spindle fibers form & attach to chromosomes
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Metaphase
• Sister chromatids lined up on metaphase plate with spindle fibers attached to them.
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Anaphase• Sister chromatids get pulled apart to poles
as spindle fibers shorten.
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Telophase• New nuclear membrane forms around
chromosomes at each pole• Chromosomes “unpack” into chromatin• Cell membrane begins to pinch in (animals cells)
or cell plate develops (plant cells)
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Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
Cleavage furrowCell plate
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Control of the Cell Cycle
• Enzymes control cell cycle so cells divide at the right times
• Cancer – uncontrolled cell division caused by a change in the DNA that codes for the making of the control enzymes
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Cell Cycle Control• http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosc
i_1/7/1948/498717.cw/index.html
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Internal Vs external signals
• Internal – the checkpoints
• External – growth factors, density dependent inhibition, anchorage dependence
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cancer
• Tumor• Begign• Malignant• Metastasis• Radiation & chemo
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Cancer
• Forms tumors & can spread through body - metastasize
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Causes of Cancer
• Environmental factors
• UV radiation from sun
• Tobacco• Viral
infections • Genetic
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How to prevent cancer:
• Low fat, high fiber diet
• Vitamins• Exercise• Don’t smoke• Use sunscreen• Regular doctor
appointments
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Removal of colon polyps
• http://www.gihealth.com/flashvideo/flash.html
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Review of the cell
cycle
• http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm