ch. 4 - 2 mary ellen guffey, business english, 8e chapter 4: nouns objectives recognize four kinds...

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 8e Ch. 4 - 2

Chapter 4: Nouns

Objectives• Recognize four kinds of nouns.• Spell troublesome plural nouns

ending in y, o, and f.• Form the plurals of compound

nouns, numerals, letters, degrees, and abbreviations.


• Recognize and use correctly foreign plural nouns and selected special nouns.

• Use plural personal titles appropriately.

Chapter 4: Nouns


What are nouns?

Nouns are words or groups of words that name persons, places, things, qualities, concepts, or events.


Kinds of Nouns

• Concrete Nounsjeep tangerine canyon

• Abstract Nounsloyalty aspiration freedom

• Common Nounsroller coaster dog copier

• Proper NounsThe Wild Thing German shepherd Xerox


Basic Plurals

• Singular nouns name one person, place, thing, concept, quality, or event.

• Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things, concepts,

qualities, or events.


• Most regular nouns form the plural with the addition of s.

boat

Basic Plurals



boat + s = boats

Basic Plurals



boat + s = boats

Clark

Basic Plurals



boat + s = boats

Clark + s = Clarks

Basic Plurals


• Nouns ending in sh, ch, s, x, or z add es.

bush

Basic Plurals



bush + es = bushes

Basic Plurals



bush + es = bushes

Fox

Basic Plurals



bush + es = bushes

Fox + es = Foxes

Basic Plurals


• Irregular nouns form the plural by changing the spelling of the word.

man

Basic Plurals



man > men

Basic Plurals



man > men

foot

Basic Plurals



man > men

foot > feet

Basic Plurals



man > men

foot > feet

mouse

Basic Plurals



man > men

foot > feet

mouse > mice

Basic Plurals



man > men

foot > feet

mouse > mice

child

Basic Plurals



man > men

foot > feet

mouse > mice

child > children

Basic Plurals


How would you make these nouns plural?

house

Check your skill . . .



house houses




house houses

Nash




house houses

Nash Nashes




house houses

Nash Nashes

tax




house houses

Nash Nashes

tax taxes




house houses

Nash Nashes

tax taxes

woman




house houses

Nash Nashes

tax taxes

woman women



Nouns ending in y• When y is preceded by a vowel (a,

e, i, o, u), add s only.

valley

Troublesome Noun Plurals




valley + s = valleys






attorney






attorney + s = attorneys







Garvey







Garvey + s = Garveys



• When y is preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and add es.

luxury




luxur(y) i + es = luxuries





company





compan(y) i + es = companies




• However, this rule does not apply to proper nouns.

Kelly




• However, this rule does not apply to proper nouns.

Kelly + s = Kellys



Nouns ending in f or fe

• No standard rule applies. • Study the following examples and

use a dictionary when in doubt.



• Add s cliff



• Add s cliff + s = cliffs




Wolf




Wolf + s = Wolfs (people)



• Change fe or f to veswife



• Change fe or f to veswife > wives




shelf




shelf > shelves




shelf > shelves

wolf




shelf > shelves

wolf > wolves (animals)



Nouns ending in o • When o is preceded by a vowel, add s

only.

studio




only.

studio + s = studios




only.

studio + s = studios curio




only.

studio + s = studios curio + s = curios



• When o is preceded by a consonant, add s or es (no rule applies).

auto




auto + s = autos




auto + s = autos

veto




auto + s = autos

veto + es = vetoes




auto + s = autos

veto + es = vetoes

potato




auto + s = autos

veto + es = vetoes

potato + es = potatoes



• Musical terms ending in o are always made plural with the addition of s only.

alto




alto + s = altos




alto + s = altos

piano




alto + s = altos

piano + s = pianos



Compound Nouns • For compound nouns written as a

single word, make the final element plural.

workman



Compound Nouns • For compound nouns written as a

single word, make the final element plural.

workman > workmen



• For hyphenated or open compound nouns, make the principal word plural.

mother-in-law




mother-in-law




mother-in-law > mothers-in-law





editor in chief





editor in chief > editors in chief



Numerals and Letters of the Alphabet

• Numerals and uppercase letters add s to form the plural.

2000





2000 + s = 2000s





2000 + s = 2000s

W-2





2000 + s = 2000s

W-2 + s = W-2s





2000 + s = 2000s

W-2 + s = W-2s

B and C





2000 + s = 2000s

W-2 + s = W-2s

B and C + s = Bs and Cs



Isolated Words• Isolated words used as nouns add s

or es to form the plural, depending on pronunciation.

pro and con





pro and con > pros and cons






in and out






in and out > ins and outs







yes







yes > yeses



Degrees• Degrees add s to form the plural.

A.A.




A.A. + s = A.A.s




A.A. + s = A.A.sB.A.




A.A. + s = A.A.sB.A. + s =

B.A.s



Lowercase/Uppercase Letters• Isolated lowercase letters and

uppercase letters A, I, M, and U use ’s for clarity in forming plurals.

p and q





p and q + ’s = p’s and q’s






A






A + ’s = A’s



Abbreviations• Usually add s to form the plural.

yr.



Abbreviations• Usually add s to form the plural.

yr. + s = yrs.



• Some units of measurement are identical in singular and plural form.

ft. = foot or feet

in. = inch or inches

deg. = degree or degrees

oz. = ounce or ounces



• Some units of measurement have two plural forms.

either lb. or lbs.

either yd. or yds.

either qt. or qts.



How would you make the following terms plural?

secretary




secretary = secretaries




secretary = secretariesknife




secretary = secretariesknife = knives




secretary = secretariesknife = knivesSunday




secretary = secretariesknife = knivesSunday = Sundays




secretary = secretariesknife = knivesSunday = Sundayseditor in chief




secretary = secretariesknife = knivesSunday = Sundayseditor in chief = editors in chief




CPA




CPA = CPAs




CPA = CPAs2000




CPA = CPAs2000 = 2000s




CPA = CPAs2000 = 2000sx and o




CPA = CPAs2000 = 2000sx and o = x’s and o’s




CPA = CPAs2000 = 2000sx and o = x’s and o’s attorney general




CPA = CPAs2000 = 2000sx and o = x’s and o’s attorney general = attorneys general





or





or

attorney generals



Foreign Nouns• Nouns derived from foreign

languages may retain foreign plural forms.analysis

Special Noun Plurals



languages may retain foreign plural forms.analysis > analyses





bacterium





bacterium > bacteria






phenomenon






phenomenon > phenomena



• Nouns derived from foreign languages may have foreign plural forms or Americanized forms.

criterioncriteria or criterions

memorandummemoranda or memorandums

formulaformulae or formulas



Personal Titles• Personal titles may have formal or informal

plural forms.

Informal Formal

Mr. Lee and Mr. Song Messrs. Lee and Song the Miss Deans the Misses Dean Mrs. Cohn and Mrs. Dun Mmes. Cohn and Dun Ms. Freiden and Mses. Frieden and

Ms. Allen Allen



Special Nouns• Some special nouns ending in s are

always singular. genetics mathematics measles economics news



• Some special nouns are always plural.

clothes goods scissors statistics thanks



• Some special nouns may be either singular or plural.

corps deer Vietnamese sheep politics



Identify and correct any errors. The sentence may already be correct.

1. Men and women gathered in bunchs outside the courtroom.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



1. Men and women gathered in bunchs outside the courtroom.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



1. Men and women gathered in bunches outside the courtroom.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



2. Many corporate CEOs are also trained as attornies.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



2. Many corporate CEOs are also trained as attorneys.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



3. Early in the 2000’s new taxes were levied against service businesses.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



3. Early in the 2000s new taxes were levied against service businesses.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



4. Both of my brothers-in-law drove their RV’s across the country.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



4. Both of my brothers-in-law drove their RVs across the country.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



5. Some secretaries complained that the top shelfs were too high.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



5. Some secretaries complained that the top shelves were too high.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



6. The Kennedies studied the ups and downs of the stock market.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



6. The Kennedys studied the ups and downs of the stock market.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



7. Most husbands list their wifes as beneficiaries of their insurance policies.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



7. Most husbands list their wives as beneficiaries of their insurance policies.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



8. Potatos are grown in the fertile valleys of Idaho.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



8. Potatoes are grown in the fertile valleys of Idaho.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



9. Both Lisas received As in their accounting classes.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



9. Both Lisas received A’s in their accounting classes.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



10. None of the bills of lading for the pianoes could be found.

Chapter 4 - Quiz



10. None of the bills of lading for the pianos could be found.

Chapter 4 - Quiz


ENDEND

ch. 4 - 2 mary ellen guffey, business english, 8e chapter 4: nouns objectives recognize four kinds...

Documents

business english

mary ellen guffey

e irregular nouns

e basic plurals singular

nouns objectives

plurals of compound

foreign plural nouns

troublesome plural nouns