ch. 3 cell organization. cells and tissues carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 3Cell Organization
![Page 2: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
![Page 3: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Anatomy of the Cell
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
All cells have three main regionsNucleusCytoplasmPlasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
![Page 4: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Nucleus
Function: Control center of the cellContains genetic material (DNA)
![Page 5: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Nucleus
Figure 3.1b
![Page 6: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane) Structure: Consists of a double membraneFunction: Barrier of the nucleusContains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
![Page 7: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Structure: Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic headsHydrophobic tails
Function: regulate what goes into and out of cell
![Page 8: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
![Page 9: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CytoplasmDefinition: the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Contains three major elementsCytosol
Fluid that suspends other elementsOrganelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
InclusionsChemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products
![Page 10: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
![Page 11: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
MitochondriaFunction: Cellular respiration, providing ATP for cellular energy “Powerhouses” of the cell
![Page 12: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
RibosomesStructure: Made of protein and RNAFunction: Sites of protein synthesisFound in two locations
Free in the cytoplasmAs part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 13: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cytoplasmic OrganellesEndoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Structure: Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substancesTwo types of ER
Rough endoplasmic reticulumFunction: Synthesizes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulumFunction: lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
![Page 14: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5
Ribosome
Protein
Protein insidetransport vesicle
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.
![Page 15: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 1
Ribosome
Protein
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
![Page 16: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 2
Ribosome
Protein
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
![Page 17: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 3
Ribosome
Protein
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
![Page 18: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 4
Ribosome
Protein
Protein insidetransport vesicle
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.
![Page 19: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatusFunction: Modifies and packages proteinsProduces different types of packages
Secretory vesiclesCell membrane componentsLysosomes
![Page 20: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 3.6
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
![Page 21: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 1
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 22: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 2
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Pathway 1
![Page 23: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 3
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Pathway 1
![Page 24: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 4
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Secretory vesicle Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 25: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 5
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
![Page 26: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 6
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 2Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 27: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 7
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 2Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 28: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 8
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 2Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 29: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 9
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 30: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 10
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 31: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 11
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
![Page 32: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Figure 3.6, step 12
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
![Page 33: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
LysosomesFunction: Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell
![Page 34: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
CytoskeletonFunction: Provides the cell with an internal framework
Figure 3.7a
![Page 35: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8a
![Page 36: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8b
![Page 37: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
![Page 38: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8d
![Page 39: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8e
![Page 40: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8f
![Page 41: Ch. 3 Cell Organization. Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c01d1a28abf838cd0a9f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8g