ch. 3 & 4. 1. study of demography, language, religion, customs, political systems, economic...
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Ch. 3 & 4
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1. Study of demography, language, religion, customs, political systems, economic systems, and culture
2. Culture: beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life
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SOCIETY: A CULTURAL GROUP THAT SHARES A GEOGRAPHIC REGION
ETHNIC GROUP: SPECIFIC GROUP THAT SHARES LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS, & COMMON HERITAGE
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1. Earth’s population is 6.7 billion2. Population Density varies however (avg # of ppl per sq. mile)
3. Type of land determines where and how ppl live4. When a piece of land reaches its carrying capacity, then the
land can no longer support any additional organisms
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BIRTHRATE: # OF LIVE BIRTHS EA. YR PER 1000 PPL
MORTALITY-RATE: # OF DEATHS EA. YR PER 1000 PPL
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FERTILITY RATE: AVG. # OF KIDS A WOMAN HAS DURING HER CHILDBEARING YRS (15-45)
INFANT MORTALITY-RATE: # OF DEATHS OF KIDS <1 YR/ 1000 LIVE BIRTHS
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This is the population growth rate. All populations have a typical population increase pattern. This diagram shows
that pattern.
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This is a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population. Used to see what type of country it is
economically.
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Push Factors are those reasons why someone would leave their homeland and migrate to another country. Pull Factors are the
reasons why that particular country seems appealing.
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IMMIGRATION (PPL WHO MOVE INTO A COUNTRY) + BIRTHRATES = EMIGRATION (PPL WHO MOVE OUT OF A
COUNTRY) + DEATH-RATES
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URBANIZATION: THE GROWTH OF
CITIES, URBAN GEOGRAPHY – STUDY OF HOW PPL USE SPACE IN CITIES RURAL: COUNTRYSIDE
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SUBURBS: BUILT UP AREA AROUND CITIES
METROPOLITAN AREA: CITY, SUBURBS, & THEIR LINKS
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1. Residential: where ppl live2. Industrial: used for manufacturing
3. Commercial: used for private business4. Central Business District: core of the city, businesses, housing,
museums, etc
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1. Cultural Hearth: where major trait of human culture developed (Mesopotamia)
2. Language: reflects cultural identity, dialects3. Religion: supports a culture’s values
4. Technology: availability and impact5. Social Organization: social class
6. Women & Minorities: often treated as 2nd class citizens
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1. Innovations: taking existing technology and resources and creating something new
2. Diffusion: spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior
3. Acculturation: society changes b/c it accepts of adopts an innovation
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1. Monotheistic – belief in one god2. Polytheistic – belief in many gods
3. Animistic – traditional, belief in divine forces of nature
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When cultures come together through diffusion. Natural blending of cultures.
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Repressive governments often try to restrict cultural diffusion and so they limit free speech, free press, free
assembly, what someone can read or watch on TV or the internet
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TRADITIONAL ECONOMY: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES, LITTLE SURPLUS, COTTAGE INDUSTRIES
COMMAND ECONOMY: ECONOMIC DECISIONS ARE MADE BY THE GOVT. (COMMUNISM)
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MARKET ECONOMY: FREE ENTERPRISE, CAPITALISM, LAWS OF SUPPLY & DEMAND, GOVT. REGULATIONS
MIXED ECONOMY: SOCIALISM, GOVT. OWNS SOME BUSINESS WHILE PRIVATE INDV. OWN THE REST
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GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP): TOTAL VALUE OF ALL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED BY A COUNTRY IN 1 YR
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): TOTAL VALUE OF ALL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY IN 1 YR
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These are materials in the environment that humans use. They can be renewable or non-
renewable
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EXAMPLE: SOIL EXAMPLE: WATER
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FOSSIL FUELS: COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS FORMED FROM PLANT AND ANIMAL REMAINS
MINERALS SUCH AS GOLD, SILVER, TIN, COPPER
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NUCLEAR ENERGY: PRODUCED BY FISSION, NEEDS URANIUM (LIMITED), CONCERNS OVER RADIOACTIVE WASTE
WATER POWER: FALLING WATER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY, INCLUDES OCEAN TIDES
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WIND POWER: WIND BLOWS TURNING TURBINES & PRODUCE ELECTRICITY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: HEAT FROM THE EARTH IS USED FOR ELECTRICITY
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Energy produced by the sun, also used for electricity, nonrenewable b/c the sun will eventually burn out in about
5 billion years
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1. Water is renewable, but limited2. 460 million ppl live in water-stressed countries
3. Drought- US donates $532.6 million in food aid for drought stricken countries
4. Irrigation is the biggest consumer of water5. Pollution is another major issue
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1. Activities that rely directly upon natural resources2. Ex. Mining, herding, hunting, gathering, fishing, forestry
3. Farming: subsistence farming & commercial farming
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1. When ppl use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value
2. Ex. Flour, plywood, electrical power3. Cottage industries – subsistence economies
4. Commercial Industries: clothing, cars, appliances, machinery
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1. Activities that serves others 2. Ex. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, judges, hairstylists, mechanics,
restaurants, bankers, insurance companies
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1. Activities that focus on the acquisition, processing, & sharing of information
2. Ex. Education, government, information processing, and research
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EXPORTS: GOODS SENT OUT OF A COUNTRY
IMPORTS: GOODS BROUGHT INTO A COUNTRY