Ch. 29 The World Between the Wars:

Revolution, Depression, and Authoritarian Response

by: Nicolle Strong, Sonia Jolly, Kayla King, and Amy Tran

Bouncing Back?

● Post war Challenges in Europe● New Attitudes

○ Democratic Republic in Germany○ cubist movement→ led by Picasso,

geometrical shapes○ challenges styles and tradition

● Economies did not recover● Western Europe faced political extremism

Other Industrial Centers

● WWI: loyal participation rewards○ Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

● U.S. economic and popular culture advances● Rejection of Versailles treaty

○ Isolation and communism● Japan enters industrial phase

New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism● Fascism● Benito Mussolini

○ formed “union of struggle”● Fascist regime● Authoritarianism- Authoritarian regimes

○ Western style parliaments- unable to maintain them● 1920s: Collapse of Agricultural Prices

○ Dependence on sales to Western Europe○ refusal to land reform○ aristocratic estate owners→ repress peasant movement→

brought support of Auth. Reg.’s

Mexican Revolution● Causes

○ internal forces○ WWI

● Porfirio Díaz- economic prosperity○ Expenses

■ foreigners owned sectors■ hacienda system dominated■ corrupt political system■ dependent on exports

● Francisco Madero- ran against Díaz○ Democratic political reforms○ Arrested

Mexican Revolution cont.● Pancho Villa- led a general rebellion● Peasant-based guerrilla movement- Emiliano Zapata● Díaz kicked out→ Madero reforms failed→ Zapata rose in

revolt→ Madero slowly lost control● Victoriano Huerta- díaz type dictatorship

○ kicked out of power→ led to a time of war● Alvaro Obregón● Mexican constitution of 1917

○ limited foreign ownership○ rights of workers○ land and education reforms

Culture and Politics in Post-Revolutionary Mexico

● Attempts to “indianize”● Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco

○ muralist movement○ pro-marxist artists

● Cristeros fought against secularization→ backed by the church

● U.S. intervened● Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)

● War and food shortages● Formation of the Soviet- council or workers

○ took over city government● Rev. aimed at liberal goals

○ wanted stronger gov't→ social change● 2nd Rev.:Power of the Radicals

○ Social Democratic Party- Lenin & Communist

● Lenin & Bolsheviks

○ Communist Revolt● Lenin called to power

Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism

Reactions to Communism in Russia

● Foreign hostility and domestic resistance

● Abandonment of Russian debts

● Intervention of other countries: U.S., Japan, France, and Britain

● Internal civil war from 1918-1921

● Redistribution of land to peasants and state takeover industry

● Famine and more unemployment

Stabilization of Russia’s Communist Regime: Restoration of Order● Leon Trotsky create Red Army→ recruited generals & loyal

conscripts

● New economic policy & freedom for small business owners and

peasant laborers

● New capital at Moscow

● Union of Soviet Socialist Republics→ decline nationalistic

protests

● Supreme Soviet→ established authoritarian system

Soviet Experimentation

● Fear of losing tight organization and elite status→ encouraged supplementary organization

● Spread of government promoted education

● New type of education toward communist beliefs

● Rivalry among leaders● Joseph Stalin named leader of the Soviet

State

Reaching Rev. In China

● Puyi renunciation→symbol for the end of chaos

● Power based on region

○ Alliance of military commanders

○ Merchants and bankers

○ Intellectuals had no power

○ Secret societies→want Chinese monarchy

○ Western powers=Japan

May 4th Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Theories

● Sun Yut-sen led revolutionary alliance→claimed to have “mandate of heaven”

○ no support outside trading centers○ elected president in 1911→ setup Euro-style parliament

● Yuan Shikai○ assassination to put down opposition○ overturned○ neglect Jap threats

● After WWI, Japan strengthen hold on N. China● May 4th Movement● Marxism in China with few adjustments● Li Dazhao-reworked Marxism● Secret meetings to discuss desires → birth of communist China

Guomindang in China

● Nationalist Party in China● Sun Yat-sen: leader from 1911-1925

○ united political organizations● Nationalist Ideology

○ strong central government● Allied with Communists, Soviet Russia, and Bolsheviks

○ 1924: Whampoa Military Academy○ Chiang Kai-Shek

● Economic decline

Mao and the Peasant Option

● 1925: Sun-Yat sen dies; Chiang Kai-shek takes control

● Becomes head of warlord hierarchy● 1927: Chiang attacks communists ● Mao Zedong: becomes leader of communist party

○ Long March (1934)● 1930: Japanese Invasions

The Great Depression: Cause and Effects ● Post-war inflation→low prices→low earnings

○ Farmers experienced overproduction of food○ Hard to pay off debt

● Population increase● Limited government support● 1929: New York stock market crashed

○ Bank failures→investments fell→industrial production fell

○ high unemployment and low wages● Social tension● Global effects

European and American Response

● Western governments reacted counterproductively● More political polarization● Led to weak or overthrown parliament

○ France, Scandinavian States, Britain ● The New Deal (1933-1936)

○ President Roosevelt ○ unemployed workers given jobs on public works

projects○ Social Security System

The Authoritarian Response: The Rise of Nazism ● Impact of WWI and Depression created new fascist

regime○ proposed strong, unified state and revival of

nation’s forces with foreign and military power● Adolf Hitler: created Nationalist Socialist (Nazi)

regime in Germany (1933)○ Attacked Jewish influence→ Holocaust○ Constructed a totalitarian state

The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War● Fascist movements emerged in Hungary, Romania,

Austria● Italian fascist movement: (1920s) led by Benito

Mussolini○ promised aggressive foreign policy and

nationalist glories● Spanish Civil War (1936)

○ General Francisco Franco led military; backed by fascist party (Falange)

○ 1939: Authoritarian/Fascist regime created

Political Changes in Latin America

● Limitation of liberalism became apparent ● ideas of reform and change● Mexican President: Lázaro Cárdenas

(1934-1940) ○ adjusting the the interest of different

groups● Brazilian President: Getúlio Vargas (1872-

1954)○ promised liberal reforms

● Argentina: Colonel Juan D Perón (1895-1974)○ had fascist sympathies

The Militarization of Japan

● As political divisions increased a variety of nationalist groups emerged

● 1932: army officials murdered the prime minister● 1936: another attempt of a military coup● Wars broke out between Japan and China: 1937

Effects in Japan…• Depression for Japan in 1930’s

o government quickly responded

• Full turn industrialization after 1931o economy grew very rapidly

• initiated a series of new industrial policies designed to stabilize the labor force and prevent social unrest

Stalinism: Soviet Union and Economic Policies•Stalin devoted himself to a double

task:1. The make Soviet Union a fully industrial society2. To have full control of the state

• Economic outcome:o Industrialization required

resources taken from peasantso Labor force went upo Came up with a 5 year plan

Key Concepts6.2: Global conflicts and Their Consequences

I. C. Som clonisachived independence through armed struggleII. A. Nationalist leaders in Asia & Afr. challenged imperial rule

B. Redistribution on land and resources developed in Afr., Asia, and L.A., sometimes advocating communism and socialism

III. B. Former imperialist maintained econ. and cultural ties, even after the dissolution of empiresIV. A. Gov’t used art,media, and speeches to intensify nationalist movements

B. Sources of global conflict: nationalist ideologies,the economic crisis engendered by the G.D.

V. A. to bring political change, some goups challenged war and some practiced nonviolence

B. Groups opposed and promoted alt. to the existing econ, political, & social ordersD. More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aimsE. Global conflicts impacted popular culture

6.3: New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and CultureI. A. In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies.

B. With the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life.

C. In newly independent states, governments guided economic life to promote development.

IV. B. Widespread diffusion of music and film.