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Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists)

(meet these in more detail in your book and lab)

Protists invent: eukaryotic cells Remember: 1° (primary) endosymbiosis? - mitochondrion - chloroplast

For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened

{3° (tertiary) happened too}

(more complicated)

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Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG) (between K and P)

Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization

-> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6)

Spores

(Humans do this one) and some protists

Name word roots (indicate nutrition)

algae (-phyt-)

protozoa (no consistent word ending)

“fungal-like” (-myc-)

Ecological terms

plankton

phytoplankton

zooplankton

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“Algae”

Group PS-associated Pigments

does PS accessory pigments

Euglenoids chl a b, carotenoids

Dinoflagellates chl a c (usually), carotenoids

Diatoms chl a c, carotenoids

Chrysophytes chl a c, carotenoids

Browns chl a c, carotenoids

Reds chl a, phycobilins, carotenoids

Greens chl a b, carotenoids

(many other groups exist)

SG: Excavata/Excavates “excavated” feeding groove some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes)

SG: Excavata

P: Diplomonads: Giardia

P: Parabasalids: Trichomonas (bk only)

P: Euglenophyta/zoa

C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates:

Trypanosoma

C: Euglenids: Euglena

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SG: SG: “SAR” clade:

SuperP? Alveolates

SG: “SAR” clade:

SuperP? Alveolates

P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta: Peridinum, Ceratium

Ecologic importance - “grass of the sea” (1 of 3 major groups) - dinoflagellate poisoning syndromes(“___ shellfish” poisoning) - zooxanthellae (endosymbiosis with some cnidarians and mollusks)

Bioluminescence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSmJwlvRyHI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN1Yxq8KMsw

A local

Lingulodinium/Gonyaulax

At UCSB

parking lot light

Ventura 2017

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SG: “SAR” clade:

SuperP? Alveolates

P: Apicomplexa: Plasmodium

SG: “SAR” clade:

SuperP? Alveolates

P: Ciliata/Ciliates:

Paramecium,

Vorticella (lab)

“conjugation” adults (2n)

binary fission (mitosis)

SG: “SAR” clade:

SuperP? Stramenopiles = Heterokonts

(when they have flagella)

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SuperP? Stramenopiles

P: Bacillariophyta/Diatoms - unusual cell walls (uses)

- “grass of the sea”, biofuel?

top view

side view

centric 2 morphologies pennate

Diatom cells: asexual reproduction (by mitosis) {usually diploid (2N cells}

A few dangerous species -> Amnesiac shellfish/ domoic acid poisoning

SuperP? Stramenopiles

P: Chrysophyta/Golden algae: Dinobryon (bk only)

Laminaria spp.

Alternation of generation LC

SuperP? Stramenopiles

P: Phaeophyta/Brown algae

Postelsia

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Uses of kelp

food (sea vegetables)

algin/alginate/alginic acid (gelling agent, emulsifier)

Nutraceuticals & personal care products

Local

Macrocystis = giant kelp

SuperP? Stramenopiles

P: Oomycetes = water molds (lab): Saprolegnia, Phytopthora infestans

sudden oak death?

~1 million died ~1 million migrated

SG: “SAR” clade:

SuperP? Rhizarians

- thin pseudopods

P: Radiolaria

silica “shells”

P: Foraminifera (a.k.a. forams)

CaCO3 “shells”

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SuperP? Rhizaria

P: Cercozoa Most chemohetero, but some exceptions

Paulinella

?

mixotroph

SG: Archaeplastida - 1° (primary) endosymbiosis chloroplasts

P: Rhodophyta/Red algae phycobilins Bonnemaisonia, Palmaria (bk)Porphyridium, Polysiphonia (lab)

Pyropia = nori

SG: Archaeplastida

P: Chlorophyta/most Green algae Chlamydomonas

Pandorina, Volvox, Haematococcus, Caulerpa, Ulva (lab)

Uses: nutraceuticals, biofuels?

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SG: Archaeplastida

P: Charophyta/Stoneworts

Zygnema (bk)

desmids, Spirogyra (lab)

Chara

SG: Unikonta (means?)

SuperP? Amoebozoans (means?)

P: Myxomycota/plasmodial slime molds: Physarum

SG: Unikonta

SuperP? Amoebozoans

P: Cellular slime molds:

Dictyostelium

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SG: Unikonta

SuperP? Amoebozoans

P: Tubulinids

free-living

Amoeba proteus

SG: Unikonta

SuperP? Amoebozoans

P: Entamoebas Entamoeba histolytica (bk)

parasites

SG: Unikonta

SuperP? Opisthokonts (means?)

P: Nucleariids (bk) small chemoheterotrophs; freshwater & soil; can have silica spines

sister group to Fungi

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SG: Unikonta

SuperP? Opisthokonts

P: Choanoflagellates (bk)

sister group to?