ch. 26 quiz – period 3 what animal was hunted to near extinction during this time? what were...

Ch. 26 Quiz – Period 3• What animal was hunted to near extinction

during this time?• What were “Buffalo Soldiers”?• What tribe did Geronimo lead?• What Native American chief lead the charge to

defeat General Custer?• What was the Dawes Act?

Ch. 26 Quiz – Period 5• What animal was hunted to near extinction during

this time?• What were “Buffalo Soldiers”?• What tribe did Geronimo lead?• What Native American chief lead the charge to

defeat General Custer?• What was the Dawes Act?

Unit #8Ch. 26 - 30

Chapter 26The Great West and the Agricultural

Revolution

Expanding Into the Great Plains• Utah, Arizona, New Mexico,

and “Indian Territory,” or Oklahoma– Areas in which settlers turned

out in record numbers• A clash of cultures on the plains– Native Americans numbered

about 360,000 in 1860– As Whites expand westward

Native Americans are forced to scatter• Numbers severely decline

– Buffalo hunted to near extinction through wholesale butchery by whites

Expanding Into the Great Plains• Native Americans are forced onto reservations• Small pockets of humanitarians advocated for the kind

treatment of the Indians although they had no more respect for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to exterminate them

• United States military is sent in to move or exterminate Native Americans– “Buffalo Soldiers” were African American soldiers who served in

the United States Calvary

Expanding Into the Great Plains• Native Americans strike back– Fetterman Massacre – Sioux war party

attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail

– Massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers and civilians

– General Custer leads an expedition into the Black Hills of South Dakota in search for gold

– The aggrieved Sioux took to the warpath, inspired by the influential and wily Sitting Bull

– Custer is completely wiped out by Sitting Bull’s war party• One of very few Indian victories in the

Great Plains wars• United States Military hunts down and

destroys all Native Americans involved

Expanding Into the Great Plains• Apache tribes led by Geronimo were

the most difficult to subdue (AZ and NM)– Apache women were exiled to Florida

ultimately causing the Apache to give in

– The settled in OK and became successful farmers

• The Dawes Act – 1887– Dissolved many tribes as legal entities– Tried to make rugged individualists of

the Indians– Wiped out tribal ownership of land– Promised Indians US citizenship in 25

years– American culture and religion forced

upon the Native Americans

Expanding Into the Great Plains• US government outlaws the Indian Sun

(Ghost) dance– Leads to the Battle of Wounded Knee

• The Gold Rush and cattle drives led to the importance of “Cowboys”

• Homestead Act– The new law allowed a settler to acquire as

much as 160 acres of land (a quarter-section) by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30

– A drastic departure from previous government public land policy designed to raise revenue

– “Sooners” were well armed individuals who cheated the system by going out to claim land early

Expanding Into the Great Plains• After exploring much of the West,

geologist John Wesley Powell warned in 1874 that land west of the 100th meridian could not be farmed without extensive irrigation

• In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because the idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America’s history from the beginning

• Western cities like Denver and San Francisco served as safety valves by providing home for economically struggling farmers, miners and easterners– Most Western cities become safety valves

Expanding Into the Great Plains• The Farm becomes a factory– In the last decades of the 19th century the

volume of agricultural goods increased and the price of these goods decreased

– Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic

– Farmers had to specialize in one crop which presented many problems• Farmers become extremely unhappy

– The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry— better known as the Grange—was organized in 1867• Original purpose was to stimulate self-

improvement through educational and social activities

Expanding Into the Great Plains• The Farmers’ Alliance– Originally formed to break the economic

grip of the railroads through farmers’ cooperatives

– Unfortunately, the Alliance weakened itself by ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, share- croppers, and farm workers

– Even more debilitating was the Alliance’s exclusion of blacks, who counted for nearly half the agricultural population of the South

– Out of the Farmers’ Alliance is born a new political party known as the Populists

– The severe economic depression of the 1890’s strengthened the Populists’ argument that wage earners and farmers alike were victims of an oppressive economic system

Expanding Into the Great Plains• Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike

– Jacob Coxey marches on Washington DC to fight for the rights of the unemployed

– The Pullman Palace Car Company was hit hard by depression

– The workers finally struck—in some places overturning Pullman cars—and paralyzed railway traffic

– Grover Cleveland sends in federal troops to break up the strike on the grounds that it was preventing the transit of US mail• Richard Olney – US attorney general who

brought in federal troops to crush the strike• Eugene V. Debs – Head of the American Railway

Union that organized the strike• George Pullman – Owner of the “palace railroad

car” company and the company town where the strike began

• John P. Altgeld – Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers

Election of 1896• Republican William McKinley defeats

Democrat William Jennings Bryan– Major issue of the Election of 1896 was the

free and unlimited coinage of silver– Populists supported Bryan which essentially

had them abandoning their identity– Populists who stayed true to their colors

supported Mark Hanna because they feared the radicalism of William Jennings Bryan and his free silver cause

– The outcome was a resounding victory for big business, the big cities, middle-class values, and financial conservatism

– The 1896 election marked the last time a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes

– Bryan goes on to lose three presidential elections

Ch. 27 Quiz – Period 3• What is Yellow Journalism?• What valuable crop was our main reason for

involvement in Hawaii and Cuba?• What did the Teller Amendment guarantee?• Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?• What did the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty give the US?

Ch 27 Quiz – Period 5• What is Yellow Journalism?• What country did the “Rough Riders” campaigns

take place in?• In what harbor did the USS Maine explode?• Who was McKinley’s Vice President in the election

of 1900?• What valuable crop was our main reason for

involvement in Hawaii and Cuba?

Empire and Expansion• Several small but dangerous

internal problems were developing in the US during the 1890’s (what did it show?)• A conflict with Germany over the

Samoan Islands• A near-war with Italy over the

lynching of Italians in New Orleans

• The Valparaiso crisis with Chile over the killing of two Americans

• Seal Hunting conflict with Canada off the coast of Alaska

America and Britain- “Patting the Eagle’s Head”

Empire and Expansion• American foreign policy shifts towards

Imperialism due to the need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production• “Yellow Journalism” runs rampant

• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst described foreign exploits as manly adventures

• Reverend Josiah Strong’s “Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis”• Preached that we needed to go over seas and

harvest more souls• Americans like Theodore Roosevelt and

Congressman (later Senator) Henry Cabot Lodge were interpreting Darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the strong and the fit—that is, to Uncle Sam

• An new aggressive national view was taking over politics

Empire and Expansion• Hawaii had valuable sugar plantations• US business people import Chinese and

Japanese workers to Hawaii• At the height of this movement the

immigrants outnumbered native Hawaiians• Sugar markets went sour in 1890 when the

McKinley Tariff raised barriers against the Hawaiian product

• Plantation owners pushed for the annexation of Hawaii

• They were blocked by the strong-willed Queen Liliuokalani, who insisted that native Hawaiians should control the islands

• A successful revolt took place early in 1893, openly assisted by American troops, who landed under the unauthorized orders of the expansionist American minister in Honolulu

• Grover Cleveland opposed annexation which postponed the movement until 1898

Empire and Expansion• Cubans rise in revolt against their

Spanish ‘oppressors’• Sugar was important here as well• William Randolph Hearst sent the

gifted artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to draw sketches saying: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”

• In 1898 the USS Maine was sent to evacuate Americans should an uprising occur• Mysteriously the Maine was blown up• Spain was blamed for this but in all

reality it was an internal explosion• The USS Maine was used as propaganda

against Spain• The Teller Amendment guaranteed

that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted

Empire and Expansion• Dewey’s May Day Victory in Manila

• Teddy Roosevelt, assistant to the secretary John D. Long, took matters into his own hand and sends George Dewey to descend upon Spain’s Philippines in the event of war

• Dewey’s fleet destroys the Spanish fleet• Filipino insurgents commanded by their

well-educated, part-Chinese leader, Emilio Aguinaldo and American troops seize Manila• Emilio Aguinaldo will later lead a revolution

against the US• A joint resolution of annexation was rushed

through Congress and approved by McKinley on July 7, 1898. It granted Hawaiian residents U.S. citizenship; Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900

John Hay- “Splendid Little War”• Confused invasion of Cuba• Due to the invasion of the Philippines

Spain sends a fleet to Cuba• “Rough Riders” commanded by Colonel

Leonard Wood but led by Teddy Roosevelt who resigned from the Naval Department

• United States invades Puerto Rico and meets little resistance from Spain

• Spain and US meet in Paris• Treaty of Paris gives the United States

control of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine Islands and Manila

• This leads to a minority viewpoint of anti-imperialism in Congress

• In the end the seductiveness of Imperialism wins out

Empire and Expansion• Platt Amendment

• Cuba could not sign treaties that compromised their independence

• Really an excuse for the United States to have the most influence in Cuba

• The success of the Spanish-American War gives Americans a thirst for more conquest

• Filipinos assumed they would be given their independence like the Cubans• US keeps troops in the Philippines• Aguinaldo leads the revolution against the US• The Americans broke the back of the Filipino

insurrection in 1901, when they cleverly infiltrated a guerrilla camp and captured Aguinaldo

• 4,234 Americans and as many as 600,000 Filipinos died in the later months of fighting• Torture and atrocities occur on both sides

Empire and Expansion• Open Door Policy with China• Used to promote free trade• Patriotic Chinese did not care to be

used as a doormat by the Western powers.

• In 1900 a super-patriotic group, known as the “Boxers” for their training in the martial arts, broke loose with the cry, “Kill Foreign Devils”

• They murdered more than two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians

• A rescue force gets the remaining Americans out

Empire and Expansion• McKinley wins election of

1900 with Teddy Roosevelt as VP (“P&P”)• William Jennings Bryan

loses again• McKinley wins due to the

prosperity of Americans during his first term

• McKinley murdered six months into Presidency

• Roosevelt takes over with the slogan, “Speak softly and carry a big stick, [and] you will go far”

• Believed the President may take any action in the general interest that is not specifically forbidden by the laws of the Constitution

Empire and Expansion• Panama Canal built

• Given to the US in the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

• Teddy Roosevelt’s aggressive involvement in the Panamanian Revolt had the general effect of increasing anti-American sentiment in Latin America

• Roosevelt feared that if the Germans or British got their foot in the door as bill collectors, they might remain in Latin America, in flagrant violation of the Monroe Doctrine

• He therefore declared a brazen policy of “preventive intervention,” better known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• Many foreign nations begin to resent the US

Empire and Expansion• Teddy Roosevelt signs

a secret Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan in 1907-1908 which caused Japan to halt the flow of laborers to the US in return for a repeal of racist school decrees by the SF school board

Ch 28 Quiz – Period 3• What is a “Muckraker”?• What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist

Company?• What is the 17th Amendment?• What does “Trust Buster” mean? (you better write

more than, “someone who busts trusts)• Who wins the election of 1908?

Ch 28 Quiz – Period 5• Who coined the term “Muckraker”?• What is the 18th Amendment?• What does “Trust Buster” mean? (you better write

more than, “someone who busts trusts)• What industry did Upton Sinclair’s novel “The

Jungle” take on?• What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist

Company?

Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

• 76 Million Americans in 1900• Henry Demarest Lloyd writes

“Wealth Against Commonwealth”• Thorstein Veblen writes “The

Theory of the Leisure Class”• Both are critical of big business and

predatory wealth

• Progressivism was a movement away from the laissez-faire policies of the previous 25 years


• Socialists from Europe start to gain momentum with each passing vote

• Several Christian groups adopt socialism pointing out scripture that argues for providing help to the poor

• The real heart of the Progressive movement was the effort by reformers to use the government as and agency of human welfare

• The religious movement that was closely linked to Progressivism was the Social Gospel


• “Muckrakers” competed with each other to find corruption and scandal

• The Muckrakers signified much about the nature of the Progressive reform movement because they trusted in publicity to reform capitalism rather than overthrow the system completely

• Most Muckrakers believed that their primary function in the Progressive attack on social ills was to make the public aware of social problems

• At first Teddy Roosevelt was not a fan of the Muckrakers but later uses them as a source for future policy making

• Progressive reformers were mainly middle-class men and women


• The leading Progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union• Also pushed for Woman’s Suffrage,

prevention of child labor in factories, ensuring that food products were healthy and safe, eliminating tuberculosis in the slums and creating child care subsidies for working mothers

• Appalled by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911


• Progressives pushed for the direct election of State Senators• Felt that Congress was a

“Millionaires” club• 17th Amendment institutes the

direct election of Senators• According to Progressives the cure

for all of American democracy’s ills was more democracy

• 18th Amendment abolishes alcohol in 1919


• Muller v Oregon• Supreme Court upholds that female

workers require special rules and protections on the job

• Progressive reform at the level of city government seemed to indicate that the Progressives’ highest priority was governmental efficiency

• Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal for labor• control of the corporations, consumer

protection, and conservation of natural resources

• Upton Sinclair’s publishes his novel “The Jungle” in 1906 exposing the heinous conditions of the Meat Packing Industry


• The Square Deal for labor received its acid test in 1902, when a crippling strike broke out in the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania

• Teddy Roosevelt was annoyed by the “extraordinary stupidity and bad temper” of the “wooden-headed gentry” who operated the mines. As he later confessed, if it had not been for the dignity of his high office, he would have taken one of them “by the seat of the breeches” and “chucked him out of the window”


• Roosevelt finally resorted to his trusty big stick when he threatened to seize the mines and operate them with federal troops. Faced with this first-time-ever threat to use federal bayonets against capital, rather than labor

• Keenly aware of the mounting antagonisms between capital and labor, Roosevelt urged Congress to create the new Department of Commerce and Labor


• Roosevelt the “Trust Buster”• Believed there were good trusts

and bad trusts• Teddy Roosevelt believed that

large corporate trusts were bad only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest

• 1904 – The Teddy Bear is named after Roosevelt after a story of him saving a bear cub

• Roosevelt harder on corporations in his second term• Also declares he would not seek

a third term


• The Panic of 1907 exposed the need for substantial reform in US banking and currency policies

• Conservationists generally believed that the environment could be effectively protected without shutting it off to human use• National Park system developed

• During Teddy Roosevelt’s Presidency• Expansion of Presidential Power• Shaped the Progressive Movement• Shaped Conservationism• Made the Federal Gov’t a neutral force

between labor and business


• 1908 Election – Taft vs. Bryan (again)• Eugene Debs receives 400,000 votes from the socialist party• Roosevelt condemned socialism- called it ‘ominous.’• Taft wins and promotes foreign investment which gets the

nickname “dollar diplomacy”• Taft turns out to be an even bigger trust buster than Roosevelt• Attacks Rockefeller’s Standard Oil

• Supreme Court uses rule of reason in its anti-trust laws – Starts with Standard Oil

• Goes on to attack the Steel Industry• In retirement Roosevelt condemns this


• Taft splits the Republican party• Roosevelt is so upset with Taft that he tells 7 states that

he will run for a third Presidential term in 1912• At the Republican Convention in Chicago Taft wins more

delegate votes• Roosevelt decides to run as a third party candidate

Ch 29 Place marker

Ch 30 Quiz – Period 3

• Why did Russia withdraw from WWI?• Why did American orchestras stop playing

Wagner and Beethoven?• What did the slogan, “Work or Fight” mean?• What is a “Doughboy”?• The leaders of what four countries met at the

Paris Peace Conference? (must name all of them and don’t name more than four)

Ch 30 Quiz – Period 5

• What was George Creel’s role in the Wilson Presidency?

• Why did Russia withdraw from WWI?• The leaders of what four countries met at the

Paris Peace Conference? (must name all of them and don’t name more than four)

• Why did Eugene Debs get ten years in prison?• What is the 19th Amendment?

The War to End War• Yellow Journalism with the sinking of the

Lusitania• Zimmerman Note

– Germany’s letter to Mexico stating that if Mexico helped Germany in WWI they would in turn help Mexico take back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona after the war

• 1917 – US and a reluctant Woodrow Wilson announce they will be joining the war effort– Had to convince congress to approve this– Wilson did so by declaring, “to make the

world safe for democracy”• Germany reacts by declaring unrestricted

submarine warfare• Lenin helps overthrow the Tsar regime in Russia

– The US now sees this as an opportunity to spread democracy as well

The War to End War• Wilson’s lays out his 14 points plan

– A proposal to abolish secret treaties– Freedom of the seas– A removal of economic barriers among nations– Reduction of armament burdens– An adjustment of colonial claims– A formation of a League of Nations

• George Creel and his Committee on Public Information– Goal was to sell the war and Wilson’s 14 points to the

American public• American Propagandist

– Oversells Wilson’s ideals which led Americans to expect too much

– Anti-German sentiment sets in• Orchestra’s stop playing Wagner, Beethoven and

all other German music• German books are banned• Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of

1918 are passed

The War to End War• The two groups that suffered most from the

violation of civil liberties during WWI were German Americans and social radicals– Eugene Debs convicted to 10 years in prison for

his socialist ideas• Mobilization for the War

– Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on voluntary compliance

– Most of the money raised to finance WWI came on behalf of loans from the American public

– In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during WWI the federal government took over the railroads

– “Work or Fight” – Federal government tells war eligible males that they need to work or they will be drafted

The War to End War• The WWI military draft worked fairly and

effectively– All men 18-45 were eligible

• Military draft of WWI differed from that of the Civil War because you couldn’t purchase a substitute or buy your way out

• Despite precautions, some 337,000 “slackers” escaped the draft, and about 4,000 conscientious objectors were excused

• Within a few months the US military grows to over 4 million men

• Anti-German sentiment and the Feminist movement fuel the passage of the 18th Amendment– Most beer brewers were German

The War to End War• Inflation runs rampant

– Prices double from 1914 to 1920• Labor strikes

– 6000 strikes break out from 1914 to 1920– The steel strike becomes the largest strike in

American history• African Americans are brought in from

the South but they are met with much hostility from Northern whites

• A race riot erupts in Chicago• Strike is won by companies setting the

union movement back by more than a decade

• 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote– Following the path of Germany and Britain

The War to End War• Recruits were supposed to receive six months of

training in America and two more months overseas• So great was the urgency that many doughboys were

swept swiftly into battle scarcely knowing how to handle a rifle, much less a bayonet– American soldiers were a great morale boost for

allied nations• The Bolsheviks removal of Russia from the

“Capitalistic” war (1917) stressed the urgency for Americans to join

• Germany was gaining the upper hand in France moving the front within 40 miles of Paris

• The Americans help the French stop the German offensive which ultimately results in German surrender

The War to End War• Germans seek peace through Wilson’s 14 points plan

– Kaiser Wilhelm is forced to flee to Holland• The United States’ main contributions to the

ultimate victory had been foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil for this first mechanized war, and manpower—but not battlefield victories

• The Yanks fought only two major battles, at St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne, both in the last two months of the four-year war

• It was the prospect of endless US troop reserves, rather than America’s actual military performance, that eventually demoralized the Germans and convinced them that the war was unwinnable

• Germany is forced to sign their armistice on a railroad car– A German soldier by the name of Adolf Hitler does not forget

this

The War to End War• Paris Peace conference

– The Big Four: • Wilson (USA) Premier Vittorio Orlando

(Italy) Prime Minister David Lloyd George (UK) Premier Georges Clemenceau (France)

– Primary difference between Wilson and the parliamentary statesman in Paris was that Wilson did not command a legislative majority at home

– Wilson’s ultimate goal in Paris was to establish the League of Nations

– Wilson also sought to:• Prevent seizure of territory by the

victors• National self-determination• Free trade and free seas

The War to End War• The Treaty of Versailles

– Nearly all of Wilson’s 14 points are shot down– Woodrow Wilson doesn’t compromise on the

League of Nations and the senate doesn’t allow the US to• Ultimately leads to its collapse• Senate argues that the League of Nations

robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers

• The major weakness of the League of Nations was the fact that the US was not included

– Treaty is so one sided that it leads to German sympathy and ultimately WWII

– Warren G. Harding wins the 1920 election setting up the most corrupt Presidency in US history

ch. 26 quiz – period 3 what animal was hunted to near extinction during this time? what were...

Documents

great plains native

great plains utah

great west

great plains apache

great plains us government

land early slide

native american chief

buffalo soldiers