Chapter 19Internal Troubles, External Threats: China, Ottoman Empire, and Japan 1800-1914

European Aggressions------------------------------------------------------

Industrial Economies needed1. Resources2. Markets3. Employment

“Scientific” Racismsuperior and inferior “child races”

A “Civilizing Mission”children and parents

British AuthorRudyard Kipling

(1865-1936)The White

Man’s Burden

Social DarwinismHerbert Spencer applied“Survival of the fittest” humans

China’s Century of Crisis

Strong economy and new crops = population

growth430 mil+ by 1850s

but…

Qing Dynasty

Govt unable to provide for and manage growing population

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corruption and abuse

bandits, rebellions, and disorder

Hong Xiuquan

“younger brother of

Jesus”

Taiping Rebellion1850-1864

Wanted total societal change

Anti-Manchu

Wealthy gentry feared radical change(sound familiar?)

Rebellion failed, but weakened Qing

Qing China was self-sufficient and actively limited European trade

Outside Threats

British imported more than they exported, until…

British opium from India

China outlawed opium and destroyed shipments

Commissioner Lin Zexu, letter to British Queen Victoria, 1839

“Suppose the subject of another country were to come to England to trade, he would certainly be required to comply with the laws of England… Now it is a fixed statue of this empire, that any native Chinese who sells opium is punishable with death... Pause and reflect for a moment: if you foreigners did not bring the opium hither, where should our Chinese people get it to re-sell?

Our celestial empire rules over ten thousand kingdoms! Most surely do we possess a measure of godlike majesty which you cannot fathom! Still we cannot bear to slay or exterminate without previous warnings, and it is for this reason that we now clearly make know to you the fixed laws of our land.”

Opium Wars1839-1842 and 1856-1860

Qing no match for industrialized UK

1842 Treaty of NankingChina paid millions and Britain gained trade ports and Hong Kong (until 1997)

Foreign powers

pounced on China

Boxer Rebellion: 1899-1901anti-foreigner nationalistic movement

Killed westerners

and westernized

Chinese

Empress Dowager

Cixi (1835-1908)

supported the Boxers

Eight-Nation Alliance defeated Boxers

Educated modernizers Pushed anti-Qing

Chinese nationalism

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Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925)

“Revive China Society”and 1911 Revolution

Emperor Puyi(1906-1967)

The Last Emperor of

China(1908-1924)

Fall of the Qing Dynasty1912 Creation of a Republic

Republic of China 1912-1949

flag 1912-1928 flag 1928-now(in exile in Taiwan)

Puyi as Emperor of Japanese puppet state Manchukuo 1932-1945

Ottoman Empire: The Sick ManLosses to Russia, UK, France and rebellions

Sultan Selim III’s modernizing

reforms blocked by conservative uluma and Janissaries

*murdered in 1808

Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876 modernize to save the empire

industry, education, rights to non-Muslims

Young Ottomans and Young Turks pushed more aggressive reforms

1908 coup = power to Young Turks

Westernization and

Secularization

antagonized many, but laid foundation for modern Turkey

The Opening of Japan

1600-1868 Tokugawa Shogunate ruled an

Isolated and urbanized Japan

Increasingly corrupt and ineffective

Samurai culture in a time a peace. Effects?

Samurai: Privileged, but often poorMerchants: Wealthy, but not respectedPeasants: Poor and prone to outbursts

Commodore Matthew Perry

(1794-1858)Sent to open US trade with Japan

(President Fillmore)

1853 Perry made demands, gave gifts, and

displayed military might

“Foreign devils”

1854 Treaty of Kanagawaopened 2 ports to the US and consulate

concessions angered conservatives

1868-1869 Boshin Civil War over the Shoguns weakness in opening to foreigners

Emperor restored to power and Shogunate ended

Meiji Restoration 1868-1912

Emperor Meiji(1852-1912)

Eliminated old feudal order and

created a national government

Studied US and European Governments

Ito Hirobumi

German style parliament (Diet)

Military modernization and draft

1877 Satsuma Rebellionfailed to preserve samurai

Many elites retained powerful positions

Westernization mixed with Japanese traditions

Western education with Confucianism and Shinto over Christianity

Govt supported industrialization

Japanese ImperialismRyukyu Islands, Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea

1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War Japan invaded Korea and defeated China

Chinese general surrendering to Japan

1895 Japanese assassins killed Korean Empress

Myeongseong

1905Katzura-Taft Agreement

Japan = KoreaUSA = Philippines

Japan ruled Korea 1910-1945 “Cultural Genocide”

1905 Russo-Japanese War

Tsarist Army Returns from Russo-Japanese War

Empire of Japan

---------------------Oppressor to

someInspiration to

others