Ch. 19: BloodFluid connective tissue with cells suspended in a fluid matrix

Cardiovascular system

•Cardio = heart; acts as pump•Vascular = series of tubes; connections

•Body has over 75 trillion total cells

19.1 Functions of Blood •TRANSPORT and DELIVERY of nutrients

like sugar and amino acids, O2, elimination of wastes like NH4▫Cells without blood supply die in about 4

minutes•DEFENSE of the body

▫Antigens and antibodies of immune system•REGULATION of ions and pH•CLOTTING to decrease blood volume lost•Regulation of TEMPERATURE

Physical Characteristics of Blood•“whole blood”•38 C or 100 F•5X viscosity of water•7.35 – 7.45 pH•Volume = 7% of mass

▫150 pounds = roughly 5 L ( or 5 quarts) 5 liters is about 11 pints

▫Full grown adult male – 5 to 5.5 L▫Full grown adult female – 4 to 5 L

19.2 Plasma• 46 – 63 % of blood volume

▫7 % proteins = albumin (60% for pressure), globulin (35 % antibodies), fibrinogen (4 % clotting), mostly from the liver

▫1 % solutes = fatty acids, amino acids, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, HCO3, HPO4, SO4

▫92 % water• Ringer’s solution

▫ Isotonic saline solution used to maintain volume; doesn’t carry any O2

• Artificial Blood – current research

19.3 Formed elements

•37 – 54 % of blood▫< 1 % platelets▫< 1% WBC (white blood cells) ▫99% RBC (red blood cells)

19.3 Red Blood Cells•260 million RBS in every ‘drop’ of blood•Total amount ~ 25 trillion RBCs in 5 L•1000 RBC : 1 WBC•Biconcave disc for maximum SA : Vol•Stack as they go through capillaries•Lose nuclei – so can not divide•Last 120 days ( 700 miles)•Formed in red marrow, liver, spleen,

thymus by erythropoiesis•Recycled by liver , spleen and marrow

19.4 Blood Typing•Over 50 surface antigens•Only usually worry about A/B and Rh +/-•Is blood is mis-matched agglutination

(clumping or clotting) will occur• Type (genetic genotype) antigen antibodies get

given to

▫“A” (AA, AO) A B A, O A

▫“B” (BB, BO) B A B, O B

▫“AB” (AB) A and B none A, B, AB, O AB

▫“O” (OO) “zero” A and B O All

19.5 White Blood Cells

•White because lack hemoglobin ( leuko = white)

•Seen with Wrights stain•All can migrate through connective

tissues•All can do amoeboid movement•All have positive chemotaxis•Neutrinophils, eosinophils and monocytes

can all perform phagocytosis.

WBC Types• Granular

▫Neutrinophils; 1st to injury, nonspecific▫Eosinophils; attack cells with anitbodies, parasitic

infections, nonspecific, increase during allergic reactions

▫Basophils; histamine, dilation of blood vessels, nonspecific

• Agranular▫Monocytes; phagocytic, nonspecific▫Lymphocytes ; specific immune reactions

T cells – cell mediated immunity B cells – humoral immunity Killer cells – immune system surveillance

19.6 Platelets

•Cell fragments•Used to help form clots

▫Chemical reaction▫Physical patch ▫Shrink clot

19.7 Clotting vs. Shock•Clotting

▫Vessel contracts▫Platelets aggregate and form plug▫Need vitamin K and Ca +2 to form clots▫Prostaglandins – regulate clotting▫Heparin – impedes clotting▫Aspirin (NSAIDS) – decrease

prostaglandins, increase bleeding time•Shock

▫Loss of blood so that pressure can not be maintained