ch. 15 notes the arthropods: part 2. phylum arthropoda review 5 subphyla: 1.trilobitomorpha –...
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Ch. 15 Notes
The Arthropods: Part 2
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Phylum Arthropoda Review
5 Subphyla:1. Trilobitomorpha – extinct – trilobites– Marine– Cambrian-Carboniferous time period
2. Chelicerata – spiders, mites, ticks, horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, scorpions
3. Crustacea – ‘hard shelled’ – crayfish, shrimp, lobster, crabs, water fleas, barnacles
4. Myriapoda – millipedes & centipedes5. Hexapoda – ‘six legs’ – insects & their relatives
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Subphylum Myriapoda
• Class Diplopoda – two-fold foot– Millipedes – 11-100 trunk segments– Two pairs of appendages on each trunk segment– Actually the fusion of two segments
• 2 ostia – opening @ end of oviduct• 2 ganglia• 2 tracheal trunks – part of circulatory system –
transports O2
– Glands produce Hydrogen Cyanide to repel other animals
– Round bodies in cross section
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Subphylum Myriapoda
• Class Chilopoda – lip foot– Centipedes– Nocturnal– Flattened bodies in cross section– Poison claws– Only 1 pair of appendages per segment– Add legs and segments with each molt
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Subphylum: Hexopoda
• Includes Insects & their relatives• Body divided into 3 Tagmata: – Head, thorax, abdomen
• 5 pairs of head appendages• 3 pairs of legs on the thorax (6 legs)
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Class Insecta
Habitat:• terrestrial, aquatic, & aerial– Insects are the most successful land animals
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Class Insecta
Locomotion• Flight is the most important form of locomotion– Insects were 1st animals to fly– Must be able to thermoregulate
• Maintain body temperatures different from environment
• Walk/Run• Jump• Swim
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Class Insecta
Thermoregulation• Ectotherms– Most insects– Rely on sun or warm surface
• Heterotherms– Rely on metabolic heat– Shivering Thermogenesis• Generate heat by rapid contraction of flight muscles
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Class Insecta
Digestive Tract• Long & Straight• 3 Regions
– Foregut• Musculary pharynx/oral cavity• Used for sucking fluids• Crop (storage)• Gizzard (regulates movement to midgut; grinds food)
– Midgut• Surface for digestion & absorption
– Hindgut• The Intestine• Reabsorption of Water
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Class Insecta
Excretory System• Nitrogenous wastes
converted to uric acid– conserves water– energetically expensive
• Malpighian tubules transport uric acid to the digestive tract
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Class Insecta
Respiration – a Simple System• Have trachea- chitin lined tubes– Open to outside through spiracles – Oxygen diffuses from trachea to body tissues
• Aquatic insects– Spiracles are nonfunctional – Gasses diffuse across body wall
• Blood is not important for gas exchange in insects
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Class Insecta
Do insects have blood?
Circulatory System• Open Circulatory System• Less developed blood vessels• Blood distributes nutrients, hormones, &
wastes
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Class InsectaNervous Communication• Pheromones – Chemicals
released by one individual that affects the behavior of another– Chemoreceptors – pores
through which chemicals diffuse • Feeding• Selection of egg laying sites• Mate location• Social organization
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Class Insecta
Nervous Communication Continued…• Hormones regulate
– Ecdysis– Metamorphosis
• Eclosion – the emergence of an insect from a cocoon, chrysalis, or puparium– Cocoon- Protective case enclosing the
pupal stage, made of silk– Chrysalis- Last larval exoskeleton
maintained during the pupal stage– Puparium- an outer covering that
protects the pupae of some flies
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Class Insecta
Nervous Communication Continued…
• Insects are capable of memory• Johnston’s organs – the base of
the antennae of most insects– Long setae that vibrate when certain
frequencies of sound strike them – Mosquitoes and fruit flies hear using
the Johnston's organ
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Class Insecta
Nervous Communication Continued…• Sense organs– Mechanoreceptors – perceive physical
displacement of the body or body parts– Setae – distributed over mouthparts, antennae,
legs• Touch, air movements, and vibrations move setae
– Stretch Receptors – located @ joints & muscles• Monitor position and posture
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Class Insecta
Nervous Communication Continued…
Sound• Tympanic organs– Consist of a thin, membrane
covering a large air sac– Air sac acts as a resonating
chamber– Sensory cells under membrane
to detect pressure waves
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Class Insecta
Nervous Communication Continued…Sight• All insects are capable of detecting light• Compound Eyes
– Well developed eyes– Not a very good image– Good at detecting movement– Sometimes can detect polarized light– Made up of 1000’s of Ommatidia
• Each is a lens w/ a crystaline cone• Cells have a rhabdom light collecting area
– Converts light energy into nerve impulses
• Ocelli – simple eyes– Hundreds of photo receptors
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Class Insecta
Reproduction• Adaptations for land– Resistant eggs– External genitalia– Behavioral mechanisms
that bring males and females together at appropriate times• Pheromones• Visual signals• Auditory signals
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Class Insecta
Relationships• Many insects are social– They live in colonies– Each kind of individual in an insect colony is called
a caste• Many are beneficial to humans• Few are parasites or transmit diseases to
humans or plants