ch 13 sec 1- the origins of the cold war ch 13 sec 1- the origins of the cold war1945-1952

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Origins of the Cold Origins of the Cold War War 1945-1952 1945-1952

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Page 1: Ch 13 Sec 1- The Origins of the Cold War Ch 13 Sec 1- The Origins of the Cold War1945-1952

Ch 13 Sec 1- The Ch 13 Sec 1- The Origins of the Cold Origins of the Cold

WarWar1945-19521945-1952

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Essential QuestionsEssential Questions Why was there a breakdown in Why was there a breakdown in

relations between the US and relations between the US and USSR after WWII?USSR after WWII?

What was the policy of What was the policy of containment and where was it containment and where was it applied?applied?

How did the Truman Doctrine and How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War Tensions?War Tensions?

How did conflicts over Germany How did conflicts over Germany increase fear of Soviet aggression?increase fear of Soviet aggression?

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Former Allies ClashFormer Allies Clash In the USSR the In the USSR the statestate controlled all controlled all

property and economic activityproperty and economic activityIn the Capitalist American system In the Capitalist American system

private citizensprivate citizens controlled controlled economic activityeconomic activity

In the In the USSR the Communist Party USSR the Communist Party established a totalitarian established a totalitarian government with one partygovernment with one party

In the US voting by the people In the US voting by the people chose the President and members chose the President and members of Congress with competing of Congress with competing partiesparties

Spread of Capitalism and US trade?Spread of Capitalism and US trade?World-wide Communist revolutionWorld-wide Communist revolution??

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Mistrust during the WarMistrust during the War The US knew that Stalin signed a non-The US knew that Stalin signed a non-

aggression pact with Hitler in 1939aggression pact with Hitler in 1939 Stalin resented the fact that the Stalin resented the fact that the

Allies took so long to open a second Allies took so long to open a second front in Europefront in Europe

Stalin resented that the US had tried Stalin resented that the US had tried to keep the atomic bomb a secret to keep the atomic bomb a secret from an ally the USSRfrom an ally the USSR

The UN became arena of competitionThe UN became arena of competition Truman did not have the diplomatic Truman did not have the diplomatic

skills or the personal relationship FDR skills or the personal relationship FDR had with Stalinhad with Stalin

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The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference In July 1945 the Big Three met in In July 1945 the Big Three met in

Potsdam near BerlinPotsdam near Berlin Truman, Churchill/Attlee and StalinTruman, Churchill/Attlee and Stalin By July 1945 the USSR had consolidated By July 1945 the USSR had consolidated

its grip on Eastern Europeits grip on Eastern Europe Truman took a tougher stance with Truman took a tougher stance with

StalinStalin Stalin was concerned about security and Stalin was concerned about security and

did not keep his promise for free did not keep his promise for free elections in Poland, he wanted a buffer elections in Poland, he wanted a buffer from the West and a divided weak from the West and a divided weak GermanyGermany

The USSR wanted reparations from The USSR wanted reparations from Germany, the US wanted to trade in Germany, the US wanted to trade in Eastern Europe and Reunite GermanyEastern Europe and Reunite Germany

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Satellite NationsSatellite Nations Stalin installed Stalin installed

Communist Gov. Communist Gov. in Albania, in Albania, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Hungary, Romania, and Romania, and PolandPoland

Satellite NationSatellite Nation is a country is a country economically or economically or politically linked politically linked to the USSRto the USSR

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The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain” In March 1946, Winston Churchill In March 1946, Winston Churchill

traveled to Fulton, Missouri and traveled to Fulton, Missouri and gave the famous speechgave the famous speech

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Ch 13 Section 2 The Ch 13 Section 2 The Early Years of the Cold Early Years of the Cold

WarWar

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ContainmentContainment In February 1946 In February 1946 George F. George F.

KennanKennan an American diplomat in an American diplomat in Moscow proposed a policy of Moscow proposed a policy of containmentcontainment

ContainmentContainment was the doctrine in was the doctrine in which military, economic, and which military, economic, and diplomatic strategies were to be diplomatic strategies were to be used to turn back communism used to turn back communism

Europe was divide into two Europe was divide into two political regions a mostly political regions a mostly democratic Western Europe and a democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europecommunist Eastern Europe

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The Cold WarThe Cold War The The Cold WarCold War was an indirect state of was an indirect state of

conflict between the US and USSR that conflict between the US and USSR that would dominate global affairs and US would dominate global affairs and US Foreign Policy from 1945-1991Foreign Policy from 1945-1991

In March 1947 Truman asked Congress In March 1947 Truman asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greece and for $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey so they could resist communist Turkey so they could resist communist takeovers and Communist influence – takeovers and Communist influence – The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

The US would assist “free people who The US would assist “free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside armed minorities or by outside pressures.”pressures.”

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The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan After the war Western Europe was After the war Western Europe was

in chaos, no fuel, no food, no in chaos, no fuel, no food, no sheltershelter

Many Refugees had to bear one of Many Refugees had to bear one of the coldest winters in 1946-1947the coldest winters in 1946-1947

The US feared Communism would The US feared Communism would spread to Western Europespread to Western Europe

In June 1947 Sec. of State George In June 1947 Sec. of State George C. Marshall proposed the US C. Marshall proposed the US provide aid to all European nationsprovide aid to all European nations

Between 1947 and 1951, 16 Between 1947 and 1951, 16 countries received $13 billion in aidcountries received $13 billion in aid

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The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift The USSR and the US clashed over the The USSR and the US clashed over the

issue of German Reunificationissue of German Reunification In 1948 the US, Britain, and France In 1948 the US, Britain, and France

combined their zones into West Germanycombined their zones into West Germany Stalin quickly closed all access to the Stalin quickly closed all access to the

divided city of Berlin, no food or fuel divided city of Berlin, no food or fuel could reach the 2.1 million West could reach the 2.1 million West BerlinersBerliners

The US and British flew 327 days, The US and British flew 327 days, 277,000 flights and brought in 2.3 million 277,000 flights and brought in 2.3 million tons of food , fuel, and medicinetons of food , fuel, and medicine

By May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockadeBy May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade

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NATONATO In May of 1949 The Federal Republic In May of 1949 The Federal Republic

of Germany was established ( West of Germany was established ( West Germany)Germany)

In April 1949, Ten Western European In April 1949, Ten Western European nations joined with the US and nations joined with the US and Canada and formed the Canada and formed the North North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAtlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO) ( NATO)

It was a defensive military alliance in It was a defensive military alliance in which an attack ( by the USSR) on which an attack ( by the USSR) on one was an attack on all (500,000 one was an attack on all (500,000 troops in Western Europe)troops in Western Europe)

In 1955 the USSR formed In 1955 the USSR formed The The Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact with its allies to with its allies to counter NATOcounter NATO

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Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up For decades Chinese communist led For decades Chinese communist led

by by Mao ZedongMao Zedong had struggled had struggled against US ally the Nationalist leader against US ally the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek in bitter civil war in bitter civil war

Between 1945-1949 the US sent the Between 1945-1949 the US sent the Nationalist $3 billion in aidNationalist $3 billion in aid

The nationalists were corrupt, while The nationalists were corrupt, while Mao gained support of the peopleMao gained support of the people

In May 1949 Chiang-Kai-shek fled to In May 1949 Chiang-Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, and The communists led by Taiwan, and The communists led by Mao controlled China “Peoples Mao controlled China “Peoples Republic”Republic”

Truman was blamed for “losing Truman was blamed for “losing China”China”

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The Korean WarThe Korean War After WWII Korea was divide into After WWII Korea was divide into

a communist North Korea the a communist North Korea the Democratic People’s Republic of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea set up by the USSR with Korea set up by the USSR with Kim II Sung as leader north of Kim II Sung as leader north of the the 3838thth parallel parallel

South of the 38South of the 38thth parallel the US parallel the US established the Republic of established the Republic of Korea led by Syngman RheeKorea led by Syngman Rhee

By June of 1949 the US only had By June of 1949 the US only had 500 troops in South Korea500 troops in South Korea

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North Korea AttacksNorth Korea Attacks On June 25On June 25thth, 1950 North Korean , 1950 North Korean

forces swept across the 38forces swept across the 38thth parallelparallel

North Korean troops pushed South North Korean troops pushed South Korean and US forces back to Korean and US forces back to PusanPusan

The UN security council voted to The UN security council voted to send troops to aid South Korea, 16 send troops to aid South Korea, 16 nations 520,000 troops,(90% nations 520,000 troops,(90% American) 590,000 South Korean American) 590,000 South Korean troops all led by General Douglas troops all led by General Douglas Mac ArthurMac Arthur

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The US Fights in KoreaThe US Fights in Korea On September 1950 MacArthur On September 1950 MacArthur

landed his troops behind North landed his troops behind North Korean troops at Inchon and forced Korean troops at Inchon and forced them back to the 38them back to the 38thth parallel parallel

MacArthur pushed deep into North MacArthur pushed deep into North Korea and approached the Yalu River Korea and approached the Yalu River the border with Chinathe border with China

In Nov. 1950, 300,000 Chinese In Nov. 1950, 300,000 Chinese troops poured across the border and troops poured across the border and attacked UN troopsattacked UN troops

The Chinese captured Seoul and both The Chinese captured Seoul and both sides fought to a stalemate around sides fought to a stalemate around the 38the 38thth parallel parallel

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MacArthur Vs TrumanMacArthur Vs Truman In 1951 MacArthur called for extending In 1951 MacArthur called for extending

the war into China buy blockading the war into China buy blockading China and using atomic weaponsChina and using atomic weapons

MacArthur spoke to the press and to MacArthur spoke to the press and to members of Congress about expanding members of Congress about expanding the war and he was critical of the war and he was critical of President TrumanPresident Truman

On April 11On April 11thth, 1951 Truman fired , 1951 Truman fired MacArthurMacArthur

He was welcomed home an popular He was welcomed home an popular herohero

69% of Americans favored MacArthur69% of Americans favored MacArthur

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Stalemate in KoreaStalemate in Korea Peace Talks began at Pammunjom Peace Talks began at Pammunjom

along the 38along the 38thth parallel in July 1951 parallel in July 1951 In July 1953 an armistice was In July 1953 an armistice was

announcedannounced The DMZ was established at the 38The DMZ was established at the 38thth

parallelparallel The Korean war cost 54,000 The Korean war cost 54,000

American lives 2 million Koreans American lives 2 million Koreans and Chinese and $67 - $100 billion and Chinese and $67 - $100 billion “The Forgotten War”“The Forgotten War”

Many Americans turned toward the Many Americans turned toward the Republican Party by 1952 “IKE”Republican Party by 1952 “IKE”

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Ch 13 Sec 3-The Cold Ch 13 Sec 3-The Cold War Home & American War Home & American

SocietySociety

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Essential Questions Ch 18 Essential Questions Ch 18 Sec 3Sec 3What did the US Government do to What did the US Government do to

investigate the loyalty of US citizens? investigate the loyalty of US citizens? What areas of society were targeted?What areas of society were targeted?

What happened during the What happened during the Spy CasesSpy Cases and how did they reflect the paranoia and how did they reflect the paranoia of the of the Red ScareRed Scare??

What was What was McCarthyismMcCarthyism and why was and why was it controversial? What led to it controversial? What led to McCarthy’s downfall?McCarthy’s downfall?

What other anti- Communist What other anti- Communist measures were enacted during the measures were enacted during the early 1950’s?early 1950’s?

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Fears of Communist Fears of Communist InfluenceInfluenceThe Soviet domination of Eastern The Soviet domination of Eastern

Europe, the fall of Red China led Europe, the fall of Red China led many Americans to believe that many Americans to believe that Communism was spreading around Communism was spreading around the world in the late 1940’s early the world in the late 1940’s early 1950’s1950’s

FBI Director FBI Director J. Edgar HooverJ. Edgar Hoover estimated that there were 100,000 estimated that there were 100,000 Americans in the Communist PartyAmericans in the Communist Party

Some feared that Communist had Some feared that Communist had infiltrated the highest levels of US infiltrated the highest levels of US GovernmentGovernment

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The US Government ActsThe US Government Acts The The National Security Act of 1947-National Security Act of 1947-

Established the Department of Defense, the Established the Department of Defense, the National Security Administration (NSA) and National Security Administration (NSA) and the CIAthe CIA

Accused of being soft on Communist Accused of being soft on Communist President Truman set up President Truman set up the Federal the Federal Employee Loyalty ProgramEmployee Loyalty Program

It was to investigate government employeesIt was to investigate government employees From 1947-1951 3.2 million were From 1947-1951 3.2 million were

investigated, 212 were fired and 2,900 investigated, 212 were fired and 2,900 resignedresigned

State and municipal programs were enacted State and municipal programs were enacted as well (6.6 million investigated)as well (6.6 million investigated)

US Attorney General drew up a list of 91 US Attorney General drew up a list of 91 “subversive groups”“subversive groups”

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The House Un-American The House Un-American Activities CommitteeActivities Committee

The The HUACHUAC was a Congressional was a Congressional Committee that was to investigate Committee that was to investigate Communist activityCommunist activity

In 1947 it targeted the movie industryIn 1947 it targeted the movie industry 43 “friendly” witnesses from 43 “friendly” witnesses from

Hollywood were subpoenaed ( Ronald Hollywood were subpoenaed ( Ronald Reagan, Gary Cooper and Barbara Reagan, Gary Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck)Stanwyck)

Some “unfriendly” witnesses were Some “unfriendly” witnesses were Orsen Wells, and Charlie ChaplinOrsen Wells, and Charlie Chaplin

Even Humphrey Bogart and LucileEven Humphrey Bogart and Lucile

Ball received bad publicityBall received bad publicity

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The Hollywood TenThe Hollywood Ten Ten “Unfriendly witnesses” refused Ten “Unfriendly witnesses” refused

to testify, they thought the hearings to testify, they thought the hearings were unconstitutional, they were were unconstitutional, they were sentenced to prison by the sentenced to prison by the committee committee (Hollywood Ten)(Hollywood Ten)

Hollywood executives instituted a Hollywood executives instituted a “blacklist”“blacklist”

500 actors, writers, 500 actors, writers,

producers and directors producers and directors

had their careers ruinedhad their careers ruined

The blacklist remained in The blacklist remained in

effect until 1960effect until 1960

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The McCarran ActThe McCarran Act To be even tougher on Communist To be even tougher on Communist

Congress passed the Congress passed the McCarran ActMcCarran Act Communist organizations must Communist organizations must

register with the US Gov.register with the US Gov. Illegal to plan a totalitarian Illegal to plan a totalitarian

dictatorship in the USdictatorship in the US Communists could be interned during Communists could be interned during

national emergenciesnational emergencies No Communists in Defense IndustriesNo Communists in Defense Industries Barred Communist Immigrants to the Barred Communist Immigrants to the

USUS Communists could be deportedCommunists could be deported

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Spy Cases Stun the Spy Cases Stun the NationNation In 1948 a former Communist spy In 1948 a former Communist spy

Whittaker ChambersWhittaker Chambers (Time Magazine (Time Magazine Editor) named former State Editor) named former State Department Official Department Official Alger HissAlger Hiss of of Spying for the USSRSpying for the USSR

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The Hiss CaseThe Hiss CaseChambers produced micro-film and Chambers produced micro-film and

documents allegedly passed to him documents allegedly passed to him from Hiss “from Hiss “The Pumpkin PapersThe Pumpkin Papers” ” Hiss denied the chargesHiss denied the charges

Congressman Nixon pursued the Congressman Nixon pursued the charges which increased his charges which increased his popularitypopularity

The statue of limitations had ran out The statue of limitations had ran out on the espionage charge so on the espionage charge so Hiss was Hiss was convicted of perjury and sentenced convicted of perjury and sentenced to 5 years in prison, he served 2 to 5 years in prison, he served 2 years still claiming his innocenceyears still claiming his innocence

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The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs In 1950 Physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted In 1950 Physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted

to giving the USSR atomic bomb to giving the USSR atomic bomb informationinformation

Two minor activist in the American Two minor activist in the American Communist party were implicated in the Communist party were implicated in the spy ring, spy ring, Julius and Ethel RosenbergJulius and Ethel Rosenberg

Ethel’s brother David Greenglass Ethel’s brother David Greenglass worked at Los Alamosworked at Los Alamos

The Rosenbergs claimed they were The Rosenbergs claimed they were being Jewish and holding radical beliefsbeing Jewish and holding radical beliefs

They were found guilty of espionage They were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to deathand sentenced to death

They were electrocuted on June 19They were electrocuted on June 19thth , , 19531953

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McCarthy’s WitchhuntMcCarthy’s Witchhunt Senator Joseph McCarthy of Senator Joseph McCarthy of

Wisconsin first gained prominence Wisconsin first gained prominence by giving a speech in WV in which he by giving a speech in WV in which he claimed he had a list of 200 “Card-claimed he had a list of 200 “Card-carrying communist “ in the State carrying communist “ in the State DepartmentDepartment

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McCarthyismMcCarthyism With the help of his staff assistant and With the help of his staff assistant and

lawyer lawyer Roy CohnRoy Cohn McCarthy accused many McCarthy accused many people of disloyality (Sec of State Dean people of disloyality (Sec of State Dean Acheson and General George C. Marshall)Acheson and General George C. Marshall)

He accused people without providing He accused people without providing evidence, his lists and sources were evidence, his lists and sources were never revealed.never revealed.

He targeted not only his “egg-sucking He targeted not only his “egg-sucking phony liberals” but Blacks (Paul phony liberals” but Blacks (Paul Robeson), Jews, Foreign Born and Robeson), Jews, Foreign Born and Homosexuals.Homosexuals.

McCarthy and J. Edgar Hoover attacked McCarthy and J. Edgar Hoover attacked “perverted” or “abnormal” orientations.“perverted” or “abnormal” orientations.

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McCarthy’s DownfallMcCarthy’s Downfall In 1954 McCarthy made accusations In 1954 McCarthy made accusations

against the US Armyagainst the US Army During April-June 1954 the Army –During April-June 1954 the Army –

McCarthy Hearings allowed 20 million McCarthy Hearings allowed 20 million American to witness his bullying and American to witness his bullying and recklessnessrecklessness

Army Attorney Joseph B. Welch shot backArmy Attorney Joseph B. Welch shot back In December 1954 McCarthy was In December 1954 McCarthy was

censured for “conduct unbecoming a censured for “conduct unbecoming a member of the US Senate” His support member of the US Senate” His support was gonewas gone

In 1957 McCarthy died from alcoholism a In 1957 McCarthy died from alcoholism a broken manbroken man

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Damage and other Anti- Damage and other Anti- Communist MeasuresCommunist Measures

Because of McCarthy many Because of McCarthy many repressive federal and state laws repressive federal and state laws remained in effectremained in effect

Basic freedoms such as freedom of Basic freedoms such as freedom of speech and assembly were erodedspeech and assembly were eroded

Dissent had become dangerousDissent had become dangerousThe US Government investigated The US Government investigated

union leaders, librarians, union leaders, librarians, teachers, reporters, entertainers, teachers, reporters, entertainers, and scientistsand scientists

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Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Section 4 –Section 4 –

IKE’s Cold War IKE’s Cold War PoliciesPolicies

1953-19601953-1960

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Essential Questions:Essential Questions: How did the Cold War continue How did the Cold War continue

around the world under around the world under EisenhowerEisenhower and what policies did he follow?and what policies did he follow?

What was the What was the Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine?? What type of policies were followed What type of policies were followed

by new Soviet leader by new Soviet leader Nikita Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev??

How did the launch of How did the launch of SputnikSputnik affect affect the United States?the United States?

What was the What was the military industrial military industrial complexcomplex and why did Eisenhower and why did Eisenhower warn Americans about it?warn Americans about it?

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BrinksmanshipBrinksmanship On November 1On November 1stst, 1952 the US , 1952 the US

detonated a detonated a Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb it it was 1million tons of TNT ( 67x was 1million tons of TNT ( 67x that of Hiroshima)that of Hiroshima)

In August 1953 the USSR In August 1953 the USSR detonated its first H-bombdetonated its first H-bomb

Ike’s Sec. of State was Ike’s Sec. of State was John John Foster DullesFoster Dulles he was a staunch he was a staunch anti-communist, he felt the US anti-communist, he felt the US should go to the brink of nuclear should go to the brink of nuclear war to deter the USSR war to deter the USSR ((BrinksmanshipBrinksmanship))

Fall-out shelters/Duck and CoverFall-out shelters/Duck and Cover

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Summit in GenevaSummit in Geneva In 1955 the USSR formed the In 1955 the USSR formed the

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact to counter West to counter West Germany’s joining of NATOGermany’s joining of NATO

Cold War Thaw???Cold War Thaw??? After Stalin’s death in 1953 Cold After Stalin’s death in 1953 Cold

War Tensions relaxed somewhatWar Tensions relaxed somewhat In July 1955 In July 1955 IKEIKE met with met with

KhrushchevKhrushchev in Geneva, Switzerland in Geneva, Switzerland IKE’s open skies proposal was not IKE’s open skies proposal was not

excepted, but “the Spirit of excepted, but “the Spirit of Geneva” was a step toward peaceGeneva” was a step toward peace

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The Suez WarThe Suez War In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the

Aswan Dam, Aswan Dam, Gamal Abdel NasserGamal Abdel Nasser Egypt leader attempted to get $ from Egypt leader attempted to get $ from the US and USSR, the US pulled out of the US and USSR, the US pulled out of supporting Egyptsupporting Egypt

Nasser responded by nationalizing the Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez CanalSuez Canal which was owned by the which was owned by the British and the FrenchBritish and the French

Israel, Great Britain, and France Israel, Great Britain, and France attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR threatened to help Egyptthreatened to help Egypt

IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire and withdraw resolution, Egypt got and withdraw resolution, Egypt got the Suez Canalthe Suez Canal

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The Eisenhower DoctrineThe Eisenhower Doctrine The USSR prestige in the Middle East The USSR prestige in the Middle East

rose because they supported Egypt in rose because they supported Egypt in the Suez Warthe Suez War

In January 1957, fearing Soviet In January 1957, fearing Soviet influence in the Middle-East IKE asked influence in the Middle-East IKE asked the Congress for $ for military and the Congress for $ for military and economic assistanceeconomic assistance

The The Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine state the US state the US would defend the Middle East against would defend the Middle East against attack by a communist countryattack by a communist country

Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt by the US to dominate the Middle by the US to dominate the Middle EastEast

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Cold War Covert ActionsCold War Covert Actions In 1953 the CIA gave millions of dollars In 1953 the CIA gave millions of dollars

to oust the leader of to oust the leader of IranIran and replace and replace him with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-fields)him with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-fields)

In 1953 the CIA intervened in an In 1953 the CIA intervened in an election in the Philippineselection in the Philippines

In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of GuatemalaGuatemala and instituted a military and instituted a military dictator Castillo Armasdictator Castillo Armas

IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US Allies and interests yet weaken Allies and interests yet weaken opponentsopponents

Director of the Director of the CIA/Covert Operations CIA/Covert Operations was Allen Dulleswas Allen Dulles

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The Hungarian UprisingThe Hungarian Uprising Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback

communism” where it existedcommunism” where it existed In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the

Soviets crushed the uprisingSoviets crushed the uprising In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, Imre Imre

NagyNagy formed a new government in formed a new government in which he promised free elections, which he promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact and denounced the Warsaw Pact and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungarydemanded Soviet troops leave Hungary

In Nov. 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in, In Nov. 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 fled to the West and Nagy was executedfled to the West and Nagy was executed

Hungarians were disappointed in the USHungarians were disappointed in the US

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The Space RaceThe Space Race On October 4On October 4thth, 1957 the USSR , 1957 the USSR

launched the first artificial satellite launched the first artificial satellite SputnikSputnik “Traveling Companion” “Traveling Companion” (18,000 mph)(18,000 mph)

Americans feared Soviet rockets Americans feared Soviet rockets (ICBMs)(ICBMs) and possible attack from space and possible attack from space

Congress Passed the Congress Passed the National Defense National Defense Education Act of 1958Education Act of 1958 which provided which provided low cost loans for college and millions low cost loans for college and millions were given to state colleges for science were given to state colleges for science programsprograms

After many humiliating defeats the US After many humiliating defeats the US launched its first satellite Explorer in launched its first satellite Explorer in Jan. 1958Jan. 1958

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The U-2 IncidentThe U-2 Incident In 1955 the CIA began making In 1955 the CIA began making

secret high altitude over Soviet secret high altitude over Soviet territoryterritory

They were to be stopped but on They were to be stopped but on May 1May 1stst, 1960 , 1960 Gary PowersGary Powers an an American Pilot was shot down over American Pilot was shot down over Soviet TerritorySoviet Territory

Ike denied that we were spying, but Ike denied that we were spying, but Khrushchev had proof and showed Khrushchev had proof and showed the world, Powers was sentenced to the world, Powers was sentenced to 10years in Russian prison10years in Russian prison

The Paris Summit was cancelledThe Paris Summit was cancelled

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IKE’s WarningIKE’s Warning During his farewell address in Jan. 1961 During his farewell address in Jan. 1961

IKE warned of “IKE warned of “the Military Industrial the Military Industrial Complex”Complex”

He state it’s influence is everywhere and He state it’s influence is everywhere and he expressed fears over the he expressed fears over the large arms large arms industry( nuclear weapons and others) industry( nuclear weapons and others) and large military establishment and large military establishment togethertogether

According to IKE misplaced power will According to IKE misplaced power will exist and it could endanger our liberties, exist and it could endanger our liberties, economy and democratic processeconomy and democratic process

The US kept spending for larger The US kept spending for larger weapons systems and nukes, where weapons systems and nukes, where does it end?does it end?

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