Ch. 10 The Brain3 Lbs, Texture=Cold Oatmeal

What are the 4 Major Parts of the Brain?

• 1) Cerebral Hemispheres

• 2) Diencephalon

• 3) Brain Stem

• 4) Cerebellum

How is the brain protected?

• Meninges: A connective membrane covering the CNS.

• What are the 3 meninges?

• Dura Mater: Tough Mother

• Arachnoid Mater: Spider Mother, Cerebral Spinal Fluid Flows between Arachnoid and Pia Mater

• Pia Mater: Gentle Mother

Diseases of the Meninges.

• Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges caused by a bacteria or virus

• Encephalitis: Brain Swelling caused by an increase in cerebral spinal fluid

Meningitis- Yellow cloudy meninges to the left.

Parts of the Brain to know.• Gyri= Elevated ridges• Sulci= Furrows (when you “sulk” you’re

down)• Fissures= the deep grooves

– Longitudinal Fissure: Separates R & L hemispheres

• Lobes= Smaller sections of the cerebrum

What are the 4 lobes of the brain? What do they do?

• Frontal Lobe: concentration and problem solving

• Temporal Lobe: interprets & remembers visual and auditory patterns

• Occipital Lobe: visual area

• Parietal Lobe: speech, motor, sensations

The Brain

Brain Dissection

How do the L & R hemispheres work?

• The Left side of the brain controls the Right side of the body

• The Right side of the brain controls the Left side of the body.

• Dominant Hemisphere: 90% Left (Language, Speech, Reading, Writing, and Analytical skills)

Mini-Mini Experiment

• Quickly fold your hand together.

• Which thumb is on top?• If your left thumb what is the dominant side of your brain?

What are the Cerebral Hemispheres’ functions?

• Figure 10.13, pg. 259

Broca’sarea

Parsopercularis

Motor cortex Somatosensory cortex

Sensory associativecortex

PrimaryAuditory cortex

Wernicke’sarea

Visual associativecortex

Visualcortex

The Brain

What is the job of the cerebellum?

• Coordinates balance and movement

• Like the cerebrum it has two hemispheres

What is the job of the brain stem?Table 10.1, pg. 262

• Midbrain: Connects the cerebrum to the rest of the nervous system

• Pons: Control breathing and relays impulses.

• Medulla Oblongata: Controls heart rate, bp, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

Job of the Diencephalon?• Epithalamus: Originates CSF• Thalamus: Relay station for sensory impulses,

crude touch and temp perception, cognition & awareness.

• Hypothalamus: Autonomic Nervous System, Regulates Homeostasis of Temperature, Thirst, Metabolism, all basic drives, maintains waking state and sleep pattern.

• Pineal gland: secretes hormone melatonin = sleep

Where is the Pituitary Gland?

• In the diencephalon

• Master hormone regulator

• Causes hot flashes

• Coordinates complex skilled movements.• Posture (How is yours right now?)

• Balance

Job of the Cerebellum?

• Perceive sensory information• Control muscular movement• Integrate functions• Personality, IQ, & Memories• Basal Ganglia: regulates muscle tone• Limbic system: emotions for survival.

Job of the Cerebrum?

What happens if the Basil Nuclei is malfunctioning?

• Huntington’s Disease: Unable to control muscle movement, have jerky movements. May be too much dopamine.

• Parkinson’s Disease: Trouble starting muscle movement due to a lack of dopamine.

What causes Addiction

• .

Addiction Labs and Videos

Alcohols EffectAnxiety

Attacks

What are some major brain dysfunctions?

• Traumatic Brain injuries

• Concussions= Dizzy, loss of short term memory

• Contusions: Tissue destruction and comma

Brain Trauma

Normal blood flow Thrombosis

Artery

Blood supply

Blood clotOxygenstarvedbraintissue

More Brain Problems• Strokes or CUAs: 3rd leading cause of

death, damage can be reversed if an ischemic stroke is treated in the first 24 hrs with t-PA.

Various brainDNP

Alzheimer's Disease: Deeping sulci and and seperated gyri. Causing memory loss, dementia, sometimes aggression

Hydrocephalus: Note the marked dilation of the cerebral ventricles. It can be due to lack of absorption of CSF or due to an obstruction to flow of CSF. High mortality rate.

Cortical layer

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

Blood vessel

Neuron

Minor Problem: Dyslexia • Caused when the blood vessels of the

brain form abnormally. Can cause reading and other reversal problems.

What do other neurons do?

• Mirror Neurons in the Brain

PBS Special: 2005 14 minutes

On Mirror Neurons