Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade

Malacca (Melaka)

2. A New Player Europe

Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271

Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.

Better seaworthy ships.

3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He

1371-1435

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.

2. Bartolome Dias, 1488.

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut.

4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages

In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Race to the AmericasRace to the AmericasRace to the AmericasRace to the Americas

1. John Cabot,1500

2. Amerigo Vespucci,

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Mercantilism

• Set of principals that dominated economic thought in the 17th century.

• The prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver.

• Nations tried to have a balance of trade- which is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

TRIANGULAR TRADEConnected Europe, Africa and

Asia and the Americas.

Affects of African Slave Trade

• Devastating affect on some African states.• The case of Benin in West Africa is a good

example.• A brilliant and creative society in the 16th

century became a corrupt and brutal place after the slave trade.

• People of Benin lost faith in their gods, their art deteriorated, and human sacrifice was common.

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

Middle Passage – Middle Passage –

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

Middle Passage – Middle Passage –

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation Demarcation

(West for Spain and East for Portugal)(West for Spain and East for Portugal)

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation Demarcation

(West for Spain and East for Portugal)(West for Spain and East for Portugal)

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws New Laws 1542 1542

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.