cerebrum
TRANSCRIPT
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CEREBRUM
MAJ RISHI POKHRELMBBS, MD
NAIHSwww.slideshare.net
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CEREBRUM• Cerebral cortex
– Gross anatomy– Sulci and gyri– Functional areas
• White matter• Ventricular system
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Borders and surfaces• 4 borders
– Superomedial– Inferolateral with
seprciliary– Medial orbital– Medial occipital
• 3 surfaces– Superolateral– Medial– Inferior
• Orbital• tentorial
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7
• 3 Poles
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Lobes
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Insula
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3 surfaces
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Sulci and gyri
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Functional areas of brain
• Brodmann's area – 47 -52• Based on cytoarchitectonics • Sensory and motor, Primary and association • Multimodal association areas (75%)• Previously denoted by Ms or Sm now by nos
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Primary motor areaPrimary sensory areaPremotor area
Frontal eye field
Motor speech (Broca’s) areaLanguage comprehension(Wernicke’s) area
Primary visual area
Leg Leg
Arm Arm
FaceFace
Pharynx
Larynx
Important Areas
Auditory area
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Frontal Lobe
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Frontal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe
43
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Temporal Lobe
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Occipital Lobe
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Medial Surface
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Homunculus
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Important Areas
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Important Areas
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Applied anatomy
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• Collection of nerve fibres: Tracts, Fasciculi,
Lemnisci, Peduncles, Commissure etc.
• Myelination: Oligodendrocytes in CNS &
Schwann cells in PNS
• Collection of nerve cell bodies within white
matter of CNS: nuclei
WHITE MATTER OF CEREBRUM
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CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE FIBERS
• Association Fibres: Connect
different cortical areas of the
same hemisphere
• Commissural Fibres: Connect
wide areas of Cx of both
hemispheres across midline
• Projection Fibres: Connect
cerebral cx with subcortical
grey matter of BG, Thalamus,
Brain stem & Spinal cord
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ASSOCIATION FIBRES
Short and Long
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LONG ASSOCIATION FIBRES
• Uncinate Fasciculus : – Connects Broca’s area
with Temp pole & Superior Temp Gyrus
– Expression of speech• Cingulam :
– Connects various parts of Limbic lobe (Cingulate & Parahippocampal gyri)
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• Sup Longitudinal Fasciculus : Lateral to Corona radiata– Frontal lobe with visual
asso areas & Temporal lobe
• Fronto-occipital fasciculus : Medial to C Radiata– Frontal lobe with
Occipital & Temp lobes• Inferior Longitudinal
Fasciculus : Temp lobe with Areas 18 & 19 of occipital lobe
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COMMISSURAL FIBRES
Types:• Homotopical : Connect
identical areas• Heterotopical : Connect
non-identical areas
Examples :• Corpus callosum • Ant commissure, Post
commissure • Hippocampal &
Habenular commissures
AP
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
• Largest band of commissural fibres which connects wide areas of Neocortex except lower and ant parts
of temporal lobe
• Well developed in man
• 300 million finely myelinated fibres
• 10 cms long
Location :
• Ant end : 4cm behind frontal pole • Post end : 6cm in front of Occipital pole
AP
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
PARTS : Splenium, Trunk, Genu, Rostrum
• Rostrum - continuous below with Lamina terminalis
A P
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Forceps Major
Forceps Minor
CORPUS CALLOSUM
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• Rostrum: orbital surfaces of 2 frontal lobes• Forceps minor: fibers of genu – 2 frontal lobes• Tapetum: fibers of trunk and splenium – do
not intersect with corona radiata, forms roof and lateral wall of post horn and lateral wall of inferior horn of lateral ventricles.
• Forceps major: fibers of splenium – 2 occipital lobes.
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CORPUS CALLOSUM : TAPETUM
TAPETUMForceps major
LAT VENTRICLE : POSTERIOR HORN
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LAT VENTRICLE : INFERIOR HORN
TAPETUM OF CC
Stria terminalis (Med)
Tail of Caudate Nu
INF HORN
Collateral eminence
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
Function : • Interhemispheric transfer of information essential for
bilateral response & learning process
Applied : • congenital absence / surgical divn does not produce
any serious neurological deficit
Split brain syndrome :
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COMMISSURAL FIBRES – Cont’d
• Ant commissure : – Ant part : Allocortex– Post part : Neocortex
• Post commissure : – Connect Sup colliculi, Pretectal nuclei, Nu of post
commissure, Interstitial nu etc.– Role in consensual pupillary light reflex
• Hippocampal commissure : Connects crura of Fornix• Habenular commissure : Connect habenular Nu (Limbic
system)
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WHITE MATTER : CEREBRUM
PROJECTION FIBRES
• Connect cerebral cx with
subcortical grey matter like BG,
Thalamus, Brain stem & Spinal
cord.
• Cortico-fugal & cortico-petal
fibres
• E.g. Corona radiata & Int
capsule of Neo cortex
Fimbriae & Fornix of Allocortex
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CORONA RADIATA
• Fan shaped arrangement of projection fibers from neo-cortex converging to the periphery of Corpus striatum
• Continues below as Internal capsule
CORONA RADIATA
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INTERNAL CAPSULE• A compact band of
neocortical projection fibres
• Main highway for input &
output fibres of cerebral cx
• Continues above as corona
radiata & below as crus
cerebri of midbrain
• V- shaped in horizontal
section with concavity
laterally
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RELATIONS : • Medial : Head of Caudate Nu & Thalamus• Lateral : Lentiform Nucleus
MedialExtreme capsule
Lateral
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INTERNAL CAPSULE HORIZANTAL SECTION
• Ant Limb
• Genu
• Post limb
• Retrolentiform part
• Sublentiform part
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ARRANGEMENT OF FIBRES :
:
Cortico-reticular
Ant Thalamic radiationAnt Thal Nu –Cingulate Gyrus (Papez
Circuit)Fibres of MF Bundle
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ARRANGEMENT OF FIBRES : GENU
• Cortico- nuclear fibres : from areas 4, 6 & 8 to
motor nuclei of cranial nerves (contralateral)
• Superior Thalamic radiation : Thalamus to pre &
post central gyri of cerebral cortex
• Corticoreticular
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ARRANGEMENT OF FIBRES: POSTERIOR LIMB – From Globus pallidus
• To Subthalamic nucleus (Fasciculus subthalamicus)
• To Thalamus (Fasciculus Lenticularis)– Nigro - striate (Comb bundle)
• From Substantia Nigra to Caudate Nu & Putamen
– Thalamo-striate : From intralaminar & centromedian Nu to Caudate Nu & Putamen
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ARRANGEMENT OF FIBRES: SUBLENTIFORM PART• Auditory Radiation
– MGB to Anterior Transverse Temp gyrus & Sup temporal gyrus– Perception of hearing
• Meyer’s loop of optic radiation– from lower part of peripheral retina to visual Cortex
• Temporo - pontine & Parieto – pontine fibres
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ARRANGEMENT OF FIBRES: RETROLENTIFORM PART
- Optic Radiation : LGB to Area 17
- Area 18,19 to Sup Colliculus & Motor Nu of EO Muscles for conjugated movements of eye
balls
- Parieto & Occipeto - pontine fibres
- Post Thalamic Radiation : Pulvinar (thalamus) to Areas 18,19, 39, 40)
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ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF I C
Striate br of MCA
Recurrent branch of ACA
Striate br of AC A
Ant Limb
Genu
Sublentiform part
Post Limb
Retrolentiform part
Ant cerebral Artery
Int Carotid ArteryMiddle cerbral A
Post Cerebral Atery
Ant choroidal A
By central branches of cerebral arteries - End arteries
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INT CAPSULE : BLOOD SUPPLY
ARTERY
PART OF IC
Striate Br of ACA
Rec Br of ACA
Striate Br of MCA(Charcot’s artery)
Direct Br from ICA
Ant Choroidal A
P CA
Ant Limb Genu
Post LimbS L Part
RL Part
By central branches of cerebral arteries - End arteries
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APPLIED ANATOMY
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) affecting int capsule cause extensive clinical effects – Blood supply by end arteries– Dense collection of fibres in IC– Caused commonly by hemorrhage from Charcot’s
artery• Hemiplegia :
– UMN type paralysis of one half of the body – Commonly caused by CVAs affecting IC
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Ventricular system
• Communicate with each other & with SA Space (thru roof of 4th Ventricle)
• Allow free flow of CSF produced by Choroid plexus
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PART SUB DIVN CAVITY
FORE BRAINTelencephalon Lateral ventricle(s)
Diencephalon 3rd Ventricle
MID BRAIN Cerebral Aqueduct
HIND BRAIN 4th Ventricle
SP CORD Central canal
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LATERAL VENTRICLE
• Cavity of Telencephalon
• One in each cerebral hemisphere
• Roughly ‘C’- shaped
• Capacity : 7-10ml
PARTS :
• Body (Central part)
• Anterior (Frontal lobe)
• Posterior (Occipital lobe)
• Inferior (Temporal lobe)
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Task
• Draw a labeled diagram of
– Coronal section through
• Ant horn of lat ventricle
• Body of lat ventricle
• Inf horn of lateral ventricle
• Post horn of lat ventricle
– Floor of 4th ventricle
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?