centre national de la recherche scientifique -...
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June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Denis Perret-GallixCNRS Japan Bureau
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Menu du Jour• What is Science Policy ?• Main issues in Science Policy• French research in the world• R&D in France• CNRS
– Missions and Budget– The Scientific Departments– Evaluation– International Policy– Technology Transfer
• The European Research Area
M. Werlen
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Science Policyfor dummies
A) Science and technologyAnswer toWHY ?
Science: “The state or fact of knowing”, OED
“There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the
latter ignorance.” Hippocrates
The Power of Knowledge:
A better life
S&T is central in cultural, social and economic issues
Basic and Applied Researches are the Sources ofScience and Technology
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Basic, Applied Research and Technology
A definition:
Basic Research – curiosity driven Applied Research – society, market driven
Applied ResearchBasic Research
TechnologyHighly non-linear process
“It is not by refining the candle technology that electricity was invented”
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Basic Research/Technology Cycles
Physics NP 73
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Science:A French/European Tradition
Le Siècle des lumières 18th: The Age of EnlightenmentA Determining Role toward Human Emancipation
French revolution: Science became more specialized, professionalized, and institutionalized
A foundation of the Republic
Science for economy: the industrial revolution
Science and philosophy: Free thinker “libre penseur”attitude
Cartesian legacy: Analysis, Synthesis ->theory
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Basic Research:The Obscure Art of Creativity
Not always a bed of roses …
“Sometimes, one must begin and the beginning can only be deviant and marginal. As always, the
initiative can only come from a minority who is, at the beginning, misunderstood, and sometime
persecuted…”Edgar Morin
Contemporary French Philosopher (CNRS)Concerning education
“The good ideas are all hammered out in agony by individuals, not spewed out by groups. “
Charles Browder : President of BBDO, an advertizing agency
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Basic Research
Field dependent:
•Applied mathematics•Nuclear Physics•Solid state and condensed matter physics•Chemistry•Life science: Biology•Earth Sciences•Social and Humanity Sciences
the boundary is fuzzy•Basic Mathematics •Particle physics•Astronomy, Astrophysics
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Benefits from Basic Science
1. Contribution to culture: “Why ?”
2. The possibility of discoveries of enormous economic and practical importance
3. Development of specific tools that may have direct applications: Spin-offs and stimulation of industry
4. Education
“Le(s) retour(s) du futur”
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Benefits from Basic Science
Quantum Theory:To make sense of the observations on electrons in the 20’s Laser, Transistor
Special and General RelativityGPS (Global Positioning System) error: 10 km/day
SuperconductivityStarted 19th centuryMRI, power transmission lines, MAGLEV (450 Km/h)
Molecular manipulationAt the beginning a chemist gameNow a basic technology for the plastic and pharmaceutical
industries
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Benefits from Basic ScienceWhat it takes to …
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1. Discovery of “spin” property of the atomic nucleus
2. Discovery that “spin flip” depends on the chemical environment of the nucleus
3. Development of powerful microprocessors
4. Development of superconducting magnets
5. Development of “pattern recognition” pioneered in biology and particle physics
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Benefits from Basic Science:i.e Particle Physics
Particle detectors• Crystal detectors
• medical imaging
• security
• non-destructive testing
• research
• Multiwire Proportional Chambers
• Medical applications
• container inspection
• research
• Semi conductor detectors
• many applications at the development stage
Georges Charpak, NP laureate
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Spin-offs and stimulation of industryIn Particle and Accelerator Physics
• Semiconductor industry
• Sterilization - food, medical, sewage
• Radiation processing
• Non-destructive testing
• Cancer therapy
• Incineration of nuclear waste
• Power generation (energy amplifier)?
• Fusion Ignition
• Source of synchrotron radiation (biology, condensed matter physics...)
• Source of neutrons (biology, condensed matter physics...)
Accelerators
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Informatics
• World Wide Web
• Simulation programs
• Fault diagnosis
• Control systems
• Parallel computing and simulation
• DATAGRID
Superconductivity• Particle physics multifilamentary wires/cables
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
+many others: cryogenics, vacuum, electrical engineering, geodesy...
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Is Science good or bad for the society ?
“It cannot be wrong to invest in basic science”
Both in terms of intellectual values and economic returns on investment
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Applied ScienceSocietal/market driven research
A better life• Global Climate Change• Medical treatment (AIDS, Cancer, …)• Food safety• Homeland security• Defense• Energy• Risk assessment and environment• Support for an aging society
• Pluridisciplinary• Often rely on new discovery by basic research
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Science PolicyBridging the Gaps
Applied ResearchBasic Research
Science Policy
Technology
Magic triangle“There is no applied science, but only applications of science”Louis Pasteur
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Science Policy for dummies
B) Policy
From the Greek: πολϊτεία: citizenship, government, city, …and from the Græco-Latin: politus: polished, refined
Planning and Managing Scientific ResearchDealing with Priorities and Uncertainties
A Recent Activity:
Definition:The collective measures taken by a government in order:• to encourage the development of scientific and technical research• to exploit the results of this research for general political objectives
Science policy parameters: social, economic, political, industrial, fiscal, environmental, ethical,
educational, bureaucratic,…
Is Science Policy a new Science by it-self?
Sociology of Science
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Science Policyfor dummies
c) Main Issues• Research Management bodies
• Government• Funding Agencies and the grants• Universities• Research organizations
• Program selection, setting priorities• Bottom-up and Top-down approaches• Universality of basic research• Politics and market-driven research• Pluri-disciplinarity
• Evaluation• Scientometrics: Statistics and Indicators• Program, researchers, laboratories
• Prospective and Strategy• International Cooperation
• Strategy• Large scale equipments
• Technology transfer, Innovation• Public and private Research• Intellectual property, secrecy and ethics
Science policy• The impact on the modern society• The efficiency, the values behind the decision and those it conveys• Just another policy (foreign policy) or a more specific one• The inset of politics, market,…• The role of the scientist• Assessment of science policy itself
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
R&D expenditure to GDP
Japan
USA
Germany
France UK
Canada
Italy
OCDEUE Civil
Public
Industry
R&D
3.04
2.642.44
2.19
1.871.66
1.04
2.21
1.85
2.4
1.81.62
1.23 1.18
0.46
0.640.84 0.82 0.96
0.690.58
0.610.39
0.75 0.740.53 0.56
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5CivilPublic IndustryR&D
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003Years
BE
uro
Total Spending (B€)Total Spending (B€ normalized)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1943 1963 1983 2003Years
% (
To
tal)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
%(G
DP
)
Total State spending (%)
Total Spending/GDP (%)
R&D Expenditures
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Public and private research
R&D/GDP
Public
private
Total
Researchers in SME (80-98)
SME: Small and Medium Enterprises
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Publications
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 JapaneseFrenchFrench-Japanese
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Researcher Exchanges
More than 1000 French researcher visitors /year
Japanese Post-Docs in CNRS (2001)
SPM: math, Physics18%
SPI: engineering sc.3%
SC: chemistry29%SDU: Earth, Universe
sc.8%
SDV:life sc.39%
SHS: Human and social sc.
3%
SPM: math, Physics
SPI: engineering sc.
SC: chemistry
SDU: Earth, Universe sc.
SDV:life sc.
SHS: Human and social sc.
Total: 78
150-200 French researchers in Japan (for at least 3 months)
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
GovernmentMinistry of Education and ResearchMinistry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Defense Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheryMinistry of economy, finance and IndustryMinistry of Ecology and Sustained Develop.Ministry of Equipment and TransportMinistry of HealthMinistry of Culture and communicationMinistry of Sport
Parliament/SenatThe “Office Parlementaire
d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques”
(OPECST)
Universities, Higher Schools,Engineering Schools
European Commission
Committees
Science AcademyInstitute of France
Research Organizations:CNRS, INSERM,INRA…
Public Research labs
Regions
Industry
Private Research Labs
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Ministry of Education and ResearchMinistry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Defense Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheryMinistry of economy, finance and IndustryMinistry of Ecology and Sustained Develop.Ministry of Equipment and TransportMinistry of HealthMinistry of Culture and communicationMinistry of Sport
The Global Structure
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Research and New Technologies Ministry
FNT Technology Fund: 193 M€*
FNS Research Fund: 215 M€*ACI (Concerted Incentive Actions)
*2003
Total: 1/3 of all programs
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Most promising fields (2003)Research Ministry
• Wide Support to Basic Science• Human health
• Cancer, • infectious and neurodegenerative diseases, • Functional genomics• Tele-medicine• New drugs based on gene information
• Biotechnologies, vegetal and animal• Food safety and quality• Sustained development
• human pollution, • industrial securities, • biodiversity, • new production processes, • Energy, production and consumption• Improve cooperation with the southern countries
• Individual and collective transportation systems and security• Science and technology of information and communication• Nanotechnologies• Human and social sciences, social organization, individual behaviors
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Major objectivesResearch ministry
R&D Budget: From 2.2% to 3% of GNP in 2010
• To attract young people to research
• To develop a strong and open public research
• To promote public and private research links for innovation
• To support large industrial and strategic projects in space and aeronautics
• To embed science in the heart of Society
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
The Law on The Law on Innovation and ResearchInnovation and Research
July 1999July 1999
Researcher, Professor, Engineer, Technician Researcher, Professor, Engineer, Technician from Public Research or Universityfrom Public Research or University
To improve the dissemination To improve the dissemination of results toward the Industryof results toward the Industry
To transform S&T in economic To transform S&T in economic growth and job creationgrowth and job creation
May create or join a company and May create or join a company and ••Keep its salary (2Keep its salary (2--6 years)6 years)
••Get limited support from lab.Get limited support from lab.
For research related activitiesFor research related activities
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
The law on sponsoring and The law on sponsoring and foundationsfoundationsAugust 1, 2003August 1, 2003
Fiscal incentives for
individuals and companies
for supporting R&D programs
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
GovernmentMinistry of Education and ResearchMinistry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Defense Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheryMinistry of economy, finance and IndustryMinistry of Ecology and Sustained Develop.Ministry of Equipment and TransportMinistry of HealthMinistry of Culture and communicationMinistry of Sport
ParliamentThe “Office Parlementaire
d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques”
(OPECST)
Universities, Higher Schools
European Commission
Committees
Science AcademyInstitute of France
Research Organizations:CNRS, …
Public Research labs
Regions
Industry
Private Research Labs
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Main research organization and higher education
• Science and technology oriented public organizations (EPST)
• Industrial and commercial oriented public organizations (EPIC)
• Foundations: CEPH, Institut Curie, Institut Pasteur
• Networks for Public Interest (GIP)
• Higher education institutions (University, higher school)
• Scientific, cultural and professional public organizations (EPCSCP)Universities or other organizations providing engineer diplomas
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
EPSTScience and technology oriented public organizations
• CEMAGREF Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eauxet des forêts
• CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique• INED Institut national d'études démographiques• INRA Institut national de la recherche agronomique• INRETS Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité• INRIA Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique• INSERM Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale• IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement• LCPC Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
EPICIndustrial and commercial oriented public organizations
• ADEME Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie• ADIT Agence pour la diffusion de l'information technologique• ANDRA Agence nationale de gestion des déchets radioactifs• ANVAR Agence nationale de valorisation de la recherche• BRGM Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières• CEA Commissariat à l'énergie atomique• CIRAD Centre de coopération international en recherche agronomique• CNDP Centre national de documentation pédagogique• CNED Centre national d'enseignement à distance • CNES Centre national d'études spatiales• CSI Cité des sciences et de l'industrie• CSTB Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment• IFREMER Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer• INERIS Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques• IRSN Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire• ONERA Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Research organizations
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
GIPGroups for Public Interest
• ANRS Agence nationale de la recherche contre le SIDA • CNRG Consortium national de recherche en génomique• CNS Génoscope - Centre national de séquençage• HMR Fonds de recherche Hoechst Marion Roussel• IFRTP Institut pour la recherche et la technologie polaires• GENOPOLE Recherche en génomique et en biotechnologie• OST Observatoire des sciences et techniques • RENATER Réseau national pour la technologie, l'enseignement et la recherche
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
1092 B ¥
CNRS
CNES
CEA
Universities, …
Other ministries, aeronautics, ANVAR…
Other Research organizations
FRT,FNS,…
Education through Research
Civil Budget for research and technology
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
R&D Budget by Ministry 2002
Industry9.9%
Post Graduate education5.1%
Equipment and transportation
3.7%
National Education5.3%
Research67.5%
others0.3%
Environment2.7%
Defence**2.1%
Foreign Affairs1.6%
Culture1.3%
Housing0.3%
Agriculture, fisheries0.2%
June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix
Osaka UniversityOsaka University
Research OrganizationsNumber of Researchers in 2000
1956 1680758 315 144 76 50 123
11328
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
CNRS
INSERM
INRA
IRD
INRIA
INRETS
CEMAGREF
INED
LCPC*
+ 48104 University Professors, + 20500 Researchers (EPIC, ..) Grand Total: 85000Permanent Positions
Source: OST